简介：Migrationprocesshasbecomeincreasinglyimportantinrecentresearchonpopulationandtheenvironment.Amajorityoftheexistingmigrationandenvironmentliteraturehasfocusedontheenvironmentalcausesanddeterminantsofmigration.Withthelargestrural-to-urbanmigrationflowinworldhistory,andgrowingconcernsabouttheenvironmentalproblemsaccompanyingitsfasteconomicdevelopment,Chinaprovidesaparticularlyimportantcaseformigrationandenvironmentresearch.Thispaperreviewsmajormigrationtheoriesandrecentresearchonenvironmentaleffectsonmigration,withspecificattentiontotheinfluencesofenvironmentalfactorsonrural-to-urbanlabormigrationinChina.Acomprehensivemultilevelconceptualframeworkisdevelopedforstudyingtheenvironmentalcausesofrural-to-urbanmigrationinChina.TheeffectsoflandresourcesonhouseholdlabormigrationdecisionsinruralChinaareexploredtoillustratetheapplicationofthisframework.

简介：ThisarticleexplorestheeffectsofinvestmentuponenergyintensitybyapplyingauniquepaneldataofChina’s27provincesbetween2004and2013.Inaddition,italsoparticularlystuthesotherfactors,suchasenergyprice,economicstructure,andurbanization.Theresults,basedonfoureconometricregressionmodelresults,suggestthatingeneral,theindigenousinvestmentonresearchanddevelopmentisamorepowerfultooltodecreaseChina’senergyintensityregardlessofregiondisparity.Theforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)hasaprominentbutnotpersistenteffectonenergyintensity.However,theoutwarddirectinvestmenthasnotshownitssignificantimpactonenergyintensity.AtthelevelofanaggregateeconomyandChina’seasternregion,theresultsdemonstratethatFDIimprovesenergyefficiencysignificantly.Forthecentralandwesternprovinces,FDIdoesnotsupportthesimilarconclusion.Basedontheseanalyses,wepresentthecorrespondingregionalpoliciesforpolicymakers.

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简介：InspiredbythephenomenonofheavyreductionintheareaofcultivatedlandfollowingtheentryofKoreaandJapantotheWTO,countrieswithalargepopulationandinadequateamountofcultivatedlandsimilartoChina,thispaperraisestheproblemofthepotentialeffectsoncultivatedlandinChinafollowingitsentrytotheWTO.Thepaperattemptsanalysis,usingeconomicprinciples,oftheeffectsofChineseWTOmembershiponcultivatedlandfromfouraspects;tariffconcessions,quotaincrement,comparativeadvantage,andthesubstitutionprinciple.AndtheconclusionismatChina’sentrytoWTOmayleadtoareductionincultivatedland.Finally,somecountermeasuresareproposedtoresolvetheproblem.

简介：ThisarticleattemptstoexaminetheinfluenceofsomeselectedpredictorvariablesonfemaleageatfirstmarriageinslumareasofBangladesh.Apathandmultipleclassificationanalysis(MCA)approachhavebeenadopted.Authorsthoughtthatrespondent'seducationallevelandthemassmediasuchaswatchingtelevisionhaveasignificantdirectimpactonageatmarriage,whilethetypesoffamilyandoccupationalstatushaveanindirecteffectonageatmarriage.

简介：Vietnamisacoastalcountryprojectedtobeheavilyaffectedbyclimatechange.BinhThuanProvinceispartofthedriestregionofVietnamandispronetodesertification.AnexpertpanelparticipatedindevelopingaLeopoldmatrixwhichallowedforidentificationofdesertificationimpactfactorsontheprovince’ssocioeconomicactivitiesandassessmentofthestrengthofcause-effectrelationshipsintermsofmagnitudeandimportance.Landuseplanning,surfacewater,andthelengthofthedryseasonareconsideredthemostimportantcauses,withtheoverallhighestscoresforbothmagnitudeandimportanceinthecause-effectrelationship.Thelargesteffectsofthedifferentfactorsareperceivedonwatersupplyforagricultureandhouseholduse.Wateravailabilityandlanduseplanningareimportantremedialactiondomains,whiledroughtandlandcoverrequiremonitoringtoassessimpacts.Theindicatorsofcauseandeffectcanbeusedinalonger-termgeneralmonitoringandassessmentframeworktocombatdesertificationinthearea.

简介：PermafrostdegradationisprevalentontheQinghai-TibetPlateau.Thismayleadtochangesinwaterandheattransitioninsoilsandthusaffectthestructureandfunctionofecosystems.Inthispaper,usingthemeasureddataofalpinesteppeinWudaoliangassessedthemodelperformanceinsimulatingsoilfreezingandthawingprocesses.Comparisonofthesimulatedresultsbysimultaneousheatandwater(SHAW)modeltothemeasureddatashowedthatSHAWmodelperformedsatisfactorily.Basedonanalyzingthesimulatedandpredictedresults,twopointswereobtained:(1)freezingandthawingoftheactivelayerproceededbothfromthesoilsurfacedownward.Comparedwiththefreezingprocess,thethawingprocesswasslower.Thefreezingperiodpersistedinthesurfacelayer(4cmdepth)forabout5months;(2)inthenext50years,frozenperiodwouldbeshortenabout20daysinthetop100cmdepthwhilethethawingwouldstartearlier40daysthanpresent.Soilwaterstorageinthe0-60cmwoulddecreaseby22%averagely,especiallyfromJunetoAugustwhenthevegetationisatthedominatingwaterconsumedstage.Therefore,thiskindofpermafrostdegradationasactivelayerfreezingandthawingprocesseschangeswillreducesoilwatercontentandthusinfluencethoseecosystemsaboveit.

简介：China’stechnologicaleffortstotackleclimatechangehavelastedformanyyears.Itisnecessarytotesttheeffectoftheseeffortswithquantitativemethod.Tobeexact,whetherandhowChina’slow-carbontechnologyinnovationrespondstoclimatechangeshouldbetested.Basedonthe2004-2015paneldataof30provincesinChina,weusethemethodofESDAanalyzingthespatialcorrelationofChina’slow-carboninnovationtechnology.Furthermore,weusethespatialDurbinmodelempiricallyanalyzingthespatialspillovereffects.Theresultsobtainedareasfollows:first,supplyanddemandofChineselow-carboninnovationhassomedeviationinthespatialdistribution.Thelow-carbontechnologyinnovationasthesupplyfactorshowsthecharacteristicsofexpandingfromtheeasttothewest.InnovationineasternChinahasalwaysbeenthemostactive,butinnovativeactivitiesinthemiddleandwesternChinaaregraduallydecreased.However,carbonemissionshavethecharacteristicsofmovingwestward,implyingthechangeoftechnologydemanddifferentfromtechnologysupply.Second,China’slow-carboninnovationactivelyrespondstothetrendofclimatechange,indicatingChina’stechnologicaleffortshavepaidoff.However,thespatialspillovereffectsarenotsignificant,showingthattheeffortsineachregionofChinastillworkforhimself.Third,environmentalregulationandmarketpullareimportantfactorsforlow-carbontechnologyinnovation.Amongthem,bothsupportingpolicyandinhibitorypolicyhavesignificantimpactonthelocallow-carbontechnologyinnovation,butnosignificantspatialspillovereffects.Itshowsthatenvironmentalpoliciesindifferentregionsarecompetitiveandlackofdemonstrationeffects.Economicgrowthandexportasmarketpullhavehigherlevelofeffectonlow-carbontechnologyinnovationforbothlocalandadjacentareas.Somepolicyimplicationsareproposedbasedontheseresultsfinally.

简介：Rural-urbanlandconversionisauniversalphenomenonintherapidprocessofeconomicdevelopmentandurbangrowth.Thewelfareoffarmerswholosttheirfarmlandattractedawidespreadconcernwithinthesocietyandacademia.However,furtherresearchaboutdifferentiatedpoliciesaccordingtothecharacteristicsofdifferentfarmergroupsisstillneedtobeconducted.Thisarticledividestheland-lostfarmersintothreeagegroups:youngerthan45,45-65,andmorethan65.Itproposesawelfareindexsystemincludingeightfunctionalareasbasedondifferentagegroupsofaffectedfarmers,takingfourdistrictsofWuhanCityascasestudyarea.Fuzzymathematicsmethodisusedtoderivetheaggregatedwelfareeffectindex.Ouranalysisshowthattheoverallwelfarelevelsofland-lostfarmersofallagegroupsdeclined,butwithavaryingdegree,withthelevelofwelfareinthosefarmerswhoare45-65yearsold,youngerthan45yearsold,andolderthan65yearsolddecreasedby18.7%,16.6%,and12.7%,respectively.Thedirectionanddegreeofeffectsonthefunctionalactivityindexvariesamongdifferentgroups.Economicconditions,livingenvironment,health,andsocialparticipationofallagegroupsdecreasewhilesocialsecurityandhousingconditionsincrease.Ontheotherhand,developmentopportunities,socialcommunication,andleisurehavedifferentchangingdirectionsindifferentagestages.Theseresultscallfordifferentiatedandtailor-madecompensationpoliciesforland-lostfarmers,towardsimprovingthewelfarelevelsofallfarmersandreducethedisparityamongthem.

简介：TheimpactofenvironmentalregulationontechnologyinnovationisahotspotincurrentresearchwherealargenumberofempiricalstudiesarebasedonPorterHypothesis(PH).However,therearestillcontroversiesinacademiaabouttheestablishmentof'weak'and'narrow'versionsofPH.Basedonthepaneldataofapplicationforpatentofenergyconservationandemissionreduction(ECER)technologyofChinesecityscaleduring2008-2014,comprehensiveenergyprice,pollutantemission,etc.,mixedregressionmodelandsystematicgeneralizedmethodofmomentsmethodwereadopted,respectively,tostudytheimpactofmarket-orientedandcommand-and-controlpolicytoolonChina’sECERtechnologyinnovation.Theresultsshowthattheenvironmentalregulationhinderedthetechnologicalinnovationintheimmediatephase;however,itturnedouttobepositiveinthefirst-lagphase.Hence,theestablishmentof“weak”PHistime-bounded.Thecommand-and-controlpolicytoolplayedamorepositiveroleinpromotingtechnologicalinnovationinthefirst-lagphasethanmarket-orientedpolicytool.Therefore,'narrow'PHisnottenable.ThereasonisthatthemainparticipantsofChina’sECERtechnologyinnovationarestate-ownedcompaniesandpublicinstitutions.Regionallyspeaking,theimpactwhichcommand-and-controlpolicytoolhasontechnologicalinnovationatsightwasnonsignificantintheeastern,thecentral,andthewesternregionsofChinawhilstmarket-orientedpolicytoolhadanegativeeffect.Andmarket-orientedpolicytoolinthecentralregionhadstrongestnegativeeffect,whichwoulddiminishintheeasternregionandbecomeweakestinthewesternregion.Thiswasrelatedtoregionalenergyconsumptionlevelandthemarketeconomicvitality.

简介：Thehybridpolicyisaflexiblepolicytoolthatcombinesfeaturesofcarbontradingandcarbontaxation.ItseconomicandenvironmentaleffectsunderChina’sbackgroundarestillnotstudiedindetail.Giventheexogenouscarbonreductiontargets,carbonprices,andcarbontax-rates,bycomputablegeneralequilibriummodelingmethodsandfactordecompositionmethods,thisarticleinvestigatesdirectandcascadedeffectsofthehybridpolicyoneconomicgrowth,energyutilization,andcarbonemissiononthenationallevelandthesectorlevel,withChina’snationalinput-outputdata-set.Stepwisely,policyscenarioswithirrationalestimatedresultsareselectivelyexcludedbasedoncomprehensiveevaluationamongeconomic,carbonreductionandotherpolicytargets.Asaresult,againstnationaleconomicconditionsin2007,thehybridpolicy,withacarbonreductiontargetof-10%,acarbontax-rateofaround$10,andaceilingcarbonpriceof$40,ishighlyrecommended,becauseofitssignificantlowereconomicloss,lowerenergyutilizationcost,andpracticalrobustnessagainstfluctuationofenergymarketandcarbonmarket.Furthermore,bydecompositionanalysis,carbonreduction-relatedcostsaredecomposedintoadirectpartthatincludescarbonallowancepriceandcarbontax,andanindirectpartastheenergypriceincrementalinducedbydirectcarboncosts.Grosscarbonreductionmaybedecomposedintothreepartssuchasenergyintensity,economicscale,andtechnicalprogress.And,carbontaxationisthemainpolicytoolthatstimulatestoimprovetheenergyefficiency.