简介：Objective:Chroniclymphocyticleukemia(CLL)andmantlecelllymphoma(MCL)cellsover-expressaguanineexchangefactor(GEF),Rasgrf-1.ThisGEFincreasesactiveRasasitcatalyzestheremovalofGDPfromRassothatGTPcanbindandactivateRas.ThisstudyaimstostudythemechanismofactionofRasgrf-1inB-cellmalignancies.Methods:N-terminustruncatedRasgrf-1variantshaveahigherGEFactivityascomparedtothefull-lengthtranscriptthereforeaMCLcelllinewithstableover-expressionoftruncatedRasgrf-1wasestablished.TheB-cellreceptor(BCR)andchemokinesignalingpathwayswerecomparedintheRasgrf-1over-expressingandacontroltransfectedcellline.Results:Cellsover-expressingtruncatedformofRasgrf-1haveahigherproliferativerateascomparedtocontroltransfectedcells.BCRwasactivatedbylowerconcentrationsofanti-IgMantibodyinRasgrf-1over-expressingcellsascomparedtocontrolcellsindicatingthatthesecellsaremoresensitivetoBCRsignaling.BCRsignalingalsophosphorylatesRasgrf-1thatfurtherincreasesitsGEFfunctionandamplifiesBCRsignaling.ThisactivationofRasgrf-1inover-expressingcellsresultedinahigherexpressionofphospho-ERK,AKT,BTKandPKC-alphaascomparedtocontrolcells.BesidesBCR,Rasgrf-1over-expressingcellswerealsomoresensitivetomicroenvironmentstimuliasdeterminedbyresistancetoapoptosis,chemotaxisandERKpathwayactivation.Conclusions:ThisGEFproteinsensitizesB-cellstoBCRandchemokinemediatedsignalingandalsoupregulatesanumberofothersignalingpathwayswhichpromotesgrowthandsurvivalofthesecells.

简介：ThechronicinfectionofhepatitisBvirus(HBV)iscloselyrelatedtotheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofhepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC).AccumulatedevidencehasshownthatHBVXprotein(HBxprotein)isamultifunctionalregulatorwithacrucialroleinhepatocarcinogenesis.However,informationonthemechanismbywhichHBVinducesHCCislacking.ThisreviewfocusesonthepathologicalfunctionsofHBxinHBV-inducedhepatocarcinogenesis.Asatransactivator,HBxcanmodulatenuclearfactorkappa-light-chain-enhancerofactivatedBcells(NF-κB)andtranscriptionfactorAP-2.Moreover,HBxcanaffectregulatorynon-codingRNAs(ncRNAs)includingmicroRNAsandlongncRNAs(lncRNAs),suchasmiRNA-205andhighlyupregulatedinlivercancer(HULC),respectively.HBxisalsoinvolvedinepigeneticmodification,includingmethylationandacetylation.HBxinteractswithvarioussignal-transductionpathways,suchasproteinkinaseB/Akt,Wnt/β-catenin,signaltransducerandactivatoroftranscription,andNF-κBpathways.Moreover,HBxaffectscellularfatebyshiftingthebalancetowardcellsurvival.HBxmayleadtothelossofapoptoticfunctionsordirectlycontributestooncogenesisbyachievingtransformingfunctions,whichinducehepatocarcinogenesis.Additionally,HBxcanmodulateapoptosisandimmuneresponsebydirectorindirectinteractionwithhostfactors.WeconcludethatHBxhastensthedevelopmentofhepatoma.

简介：病理活检病理诊断是所有肿瘤确诊的唯一标准，也是诊断的金标准，是由病理科医生根据显微镜下细胞形态作出的判断。有时候肿瘤细胞伪装得很好或者分化很差，单凭形态不足以让医生辨别是什么类型的癌，还需要做免疫组织化学检查来辅助判断，其基本的原理是通过抗原抗体相结合的原理。

简介：根据世界癌症研究基金会（WCRF）资助的一项最新研究显示，人体血液中维生素B含量较高将有可能降低发生肺癌的风险，这个结果对吸烟、非吸烟以及曾经吸烟的人群是相同的。这项发现将有助于科学家了解肺癌发病的机理，并将对预防其发生提供线索。

简介：

简介：DuckhepatitisBvims(DHBV)DNAwasdetectedindifferenttumorousnodulesofduckswithhepaticmulticentriccancerorintrahepaticmetastasisbySouthernblottechnique.Among7duckswithhepatocellularcarcinomaofmultipletumornodules,thehybridizationpatternofIntegratedDHBVDNAIndifferenttumorousnoduleswasidenticalin3casesanddifferentin2cases.OnecaseshowedasimilarhybridizationpatternintwotumorousnodulesandotheronewasnegativetorDHBVDNA.IntegratedDHBVDNAwasalsoidentifiedinametastaticlungcancerofduckswithhepatocellularcarcinoma.Thehybridizationpatternofmetastasisoflungswasasthesomeasthatinprimaryhepatocellularcarcinoma.ThesamediscretehybridizationbandsInthedifferenttumorousnodulesindicatethatthesenodulesmightarisefromonetransformedcell.ThedifferenthybridizationpatternsInvarioustumorousnodulesshowthatthesetumorousnodulesmightarisefromvarioustransformedcells.Theresultssuggestthatthehyb

简介：Objective:ToassesstheeffectofantiviraltherapyforhepatitisBvirus(HBV)-relatedhepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC)afterradicalhepatectomy.Methods:Atotalof478HBV-relatedHCCpatientstreatedbyradicalhepatectomywereretrospectivelycollected.Patientsinthetreatmentgroup(n=141)receivedpostoperativelamivudinetreatment(100mg/d),whereaspatientsinthecontrolgroup(n=337)didnot.Recurrence-freesurvival(RFS)rates,overallsurvival(OS)rates,treatmentsforrecurrentHCCandcauseofdeathwerecomparedbetweenthetwogroups.Propensityscorematching(PSM)analysiswasalsoconductedtoreduceconfoundingbiasbetweenthetwogroups.Results:The1-,3-,and5-yearRFSratesdidn’tsignificantlydifferbetweenthetwogroups(P=0.778);however,the1-,3-,and5-yearOSratesinthetreatmentgroupweresignificantlyhigherthanthoseinthecontrolgroup(P=0.002).Similarresultswereobservedinthematcheddata.SubgroupanalysisshowedthatantiviraltreatmentconferredasignificantsurvivalbenefitforBarcelonaClinicalLiverCancerstageA/Bpatients.FollowingHCCrecurrence,morepeopleinthetreatmentgroupwereabletochoosecurativetreatmentsthanthoseinthecontrolgroup(P=0.031).Forcauseofdeath,fewerpeopleinthetreatmentgroupdiedofliverfailurethanthoseinthecontrolgroup(P=0.041).Conclusion:PostoperativeantiviraltherapyincreaseschancesofreceivingcurativetreatmentsforrecurrentHCCandpreventsdeathbecauseofliverfailure,therebysignificantlyprolongingOS,especiallyinearly-orintermedian-stagetumors.

简介：许多人类疾病的发生和发展可归因于一些基因的异常表达，从而导致疾病的发生。其中一部分基因是在核因子kappaB（nuclearfactor-kappaB，NF—κB）调控下进行的。NF—κ是广泛存在于哺乳动物中的转录因子，是由Sen等于1986年首先在B细胞中发现的一种核蛋白。因它能与B细胞免疫球蛋白上的K轻链基因增强子κB序列（GGGACTITCC）特异结合而得名。实际上它能与多种细胞基因的启动子和增强子序列位点发生特异性结合，并促进转录和表达，参与众多与免疫和炎症反应有关的基因转录的调控。它的异常激活或完全抑制与多种疾病的发生有关。在控制细胞增殖、凋亡、肿瘤的发生、发展和耐药问题上均起着重要的作用。因此深入探讨NF—κB在体内病理状态下的活化机制以及其与细胞、基因之间的调节作用具有重要的意义。现就NF—κB的组成、结构、激活途径以及与肿瘤的关系作一综述。

简介：Objective:Cancercellradioresistanceisastumblingblockinradiationtherapy.TheactivityinthenuclearfactorkappaB(NFκB)pathwaycorrelateswithanti-apoptoticmechanismsandincreasedradioresistance.TheIKKcomplexplaysamajorroleinNFκBactivationuponnumeroussignals.Inthisstudy,weexaminedtheinteractionbetweenionizingradiation(IR)anddifferentmembersoftheIKK-NFκBpathway,aswellasupstreamactivators,RAF1,ERK,andAKT1.Methods:Theeffectof4GyofIRontheexpressionoftheRAF1-ERK-IKK-NFκBpathwaywasexaminedinA549andH1299lungcancercelllinesusingWesternblotanalysisandconfocalmicroscopy.WeexaminedchangesinradiationsensitivityusinggenesilencingorpharmacologicalinhibitorsofERKandIKKβ.Results:IKKα,IKKγ,andIκBαincreaseduponexposuretoIR,therebyaffectingnuclearlevelsofNFκB(phospho-p65).ERKinhibitionorsiRNA-mediateddown-regulationofRAF1suppressedthepost-irradiationsurvivaloftheexaminedlungcancercelllines.AsimilareffectwasdetectedonsurvivaluponsilencingIKKα/IKKγorinhibitingIKKβ.Conclusions:ExposureoflungcancercellstoIRresultsinNFκBactivationviaIKK.ThegeneticorpharmacologicalblockageoftheRAF1-ERK-IKK-NFκBpathwaysensitizescellstotherapeuticdosesofradiation.Therefore,theIKKpathwayisapromisingtargetfortherapeuticinterventionincombinationwithradiotherapy.

简介：目的探讨不同成像序列在乳腺肿瘤MR检查中的应用价值。方法对75例乳腺肿瘤MR受检者进行T2WI、DWI、T1WI动态增强扫描和T1WI延迟扫描，分析各种成像技术的应用对图像质量的影响。结果本组75例患者的扫描图像中达到优良的百分比T2WI为93．33％，DWI为18．66％，T1WI动态增强扫描为72．00％，T1WI延迟扫描为97．33％。结论减少运动伪影，序列优化缩短检查时间，合理应用脂肪抑制技术，对DWI序列b值的正确选择，以及充分应用并行采集技术等均有助于提高乳腺肿瘤MR检查的图像质量。

简介：Objective:TodeterminewhetherInterferon-alpha-2b(IFN-α2b)canmodulatetheautophagicresponseinhepatocellularcarcinomacells.Methods:HepatocellularcarcinomacellsweretreatedwithIFN-α2b.Autophagywasassessedbyacridineorangestaining,GFP-LC3dottedassay,transmissionelectronmicroscopyandimmunoblotting.Results:AcridineorangestainingshowedthatIFN-α2btriggeredtheaccumulationofacidicvesicularandautolysosomesinHepG2cells.TheacridineorangeHepG2cellratioswere(4.3±1.0)%,(6.9±1.4)%,and(13.1±2.3)%,respectively,aftertreatmentwith100,1,000,and10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48h.AmarkedlypunctatepatternwasobservedinHepG2cellstreatedwith10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48h,butonlydiffuseandweaklyfluorescentGFP-LC3punctawasobservedincontrolcells.HepG2cellstreatedwith10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48hdevelopedautophagosome-likecharacteristics,includingsingle-ordouble-membranevacuolescontainingintactanddegradedcellulardebris.TheBeclin1andLC3-IIproteinexpressionwasup-regulatedbyIFN-α2btreatment.Conclusion:Autophagycanbeinducedinadose-dependentmannerbytreatmentwithIFN-α2binHepG2cells,andtheBeclin1signalingpathwaywasstimulatedbyIFN-α2b.

简介：Objective:Toinvestigatephospho-(-cateninexpressioninnon-smallcelllungcancer(NSCLC)andtostudytherelationshipbetweenphospho-(-cateninexpressionandsomeclinicalpathologicalfactors.Methods:Theexpressionofphospho-(-cateninin67primaryNSCLCcasesdetectedimmunohistochemically.Results:phospho-(-cateninwasnotexpressedinnormalbronchialmucouscellandshowedcytoplasmicandnuclearexpressioninNSCLCcell.Totalpositiveexpressionratereached62.7%,andpositiveexpressionrateofnucleuswas38.8%.Thepositiveexpressionrate(87.5%)andnuclearexpressionrateofadenocarcinoma(62.5%)wereapparentlyhigherthanthoseofsquamouscellcancer(40.0%and17.1%)(P<0.01).Expressionofphospho-(-cateninhadnorelationshiptodifferentiationdegreeandlymphaticmetastasis.Thepostoperativesurvivaltimeisnotrelatedtophospho-(-cateninexpression.(Log-ranktest,P=0.9198;P=0.6274).COXmodelanalysisshowedthattumorstageanddifferentiationareindependentriskfactorstoprognosis(P=0.001;P=0.020).Conclusion:NSCLCcellsshowpositiveexpressionofphospho-(-catenin,phospho-(-cateninnuclearexpressionisrelevanttohistologicaltypes.Thereisnodifferenceinpostoperativesurvivaltimebetweenpatientswithphospho-(-cateninpositiveexpressionandpatientswithnegativeexpression,expressionofphospho-(-cateninisnotindependentriskfactortoprognosis.

简介：Objective:Toassesstheclinicalfeatures,survivalandprognosticfactorsofprimarytesticulardiffuselargeB-celllymphoma(DLBCL).Methods:Aretrospectivestudyof37patientswithprimarytesticularDLBCLwascarriedoutfromNovember2003toMay2012.Theirclinicalfeatures,survivalandprognosticfactorswereanalyzed.Results:Duringamedianfollow-upperiodof39.8months(5.4-93.0months),themedianprogression-freesurvival(PFS)was26.2months(95%CI:0-65months)andthe3-yearoverallsurvival(OS)ratewas78.4%.Withinthewholecohort,thefactorssignificantlyassociatedwithasuperiorPFSwerelimitedstage(stageI/II),lactatedehydrogenase(LDH)≤245U/L,internationalprognosticindex(IPI)≤1,primarytumordiameter<7.5cm,andpatientswhohadcompleteresponse(CR)andreceiveddoxorubicin-containedchemotherapy(P<0.05).Therewasatrendtowardsuperioroutcomeforpatientswhoreceivedcombinedtherapy(surgery/chemotherapy/radiotherapy)(P=0.055).PatientswhohadCR,primarytumordiameter<7.5cmandIPIscore≤1weresignificantlyassociatedwithlongerPFSatmultivariateanalysis.Conclusions:PrimarytesticularDLBCLhadpoorersurvival.CR,primarytumordiameterandIPIwereindependentprognosticfactors.Thecombinedtherapyoforchectomy,doxorubicin-containedchemotherapyandcontralateraltesticularradiotherapy(RT)seemedtoimprovesurvival.

简介：目的危重症患者早期常规营养支持的最佳方案仍不明确，设想肠外营养要优于肠内营养。方法对英国33个重症监护室新人院的成年患者进行随机对照研究。把患者随机分为肠外营养组或肠内营养组，营养支持在入院后36小时内开始，持续不超过5天n主要结局指标是30天的死亡率n结果共纳入患者2400例进入研究，2388例（99．5％）纳入最终的统计分析，其中1191例采用肠外营养，1197例采用肠内营养。营养支持第30天时，肠外营养组的累计死亡率是33．1％（393／1188），肠内营养组的累计死亡率是34．2％（409／1195），肠外营养相对于肠内营养的相对危险度是0．97（95％CI：0．86．1．08，P=O．57）n在减少低血糖发生率（3．7％VS．6．2％，P=O．006）和降低呕吐发生率（8．4％VS．16．2％，P〈O．001）方面，肠外营养显著优于肠内营养。在治疗相关性感染性并发症（O．22VS．O．21，P=O．72）、90天累计死亡率（37．3％VS．39．1％，P=O．40）方面，以及其他14项次要结局指标的发生率和不良反应发生率方面，肠外营养与肠内营养相比无显著差异。热量摄入方面两组无显著差异，大多数患者均未达到要求的能量摄入量。结论危重症患者早期肠外或肠内营养支持第30天累计死亡率没有统计学差异，但是肠外营养可以减少低血糖和呕吐的发生。

简介：食管癌是十分常见的恶性肿瘤，它的死亡率在我国占所有恶性肿瘤的23．5%。手术治疗仍是主要的治疗方法，但手术治疗分为根治切除及姑息性切除手术，还有一些病人仅能做开胸探查术。食管癌能否做到根治性切除取决于病变的局部外侵、病变的部位以及远处转移等情况。

简介：

简介：目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）充气造影检查对食管疾病的诊断价值。方法选择100例经胃镜及手术病理证实的食管疾病患者，均行MSCT充气造影检查，将扫描后的图像进行薄层重建及后处理，对MSCT充气造影结果与病理结果进行比较，并采用Kappa检验分析其一致性。结果100例食管疾病患者中，经消化胃镜及术后病理证实，食管平滑肌瘤62例，食管癌8例，食管憩室6例，食管囊肿8例，隆突下增大淋巴结结核2例，食管血管瘤4例，正常食管10例。所有患者均顺利完成MSCT充气造影检查，食管管腔扩张良好。经Kappa检验，MSCT充气造影结果与病理结果具有良好的一致性（Kappa值=0.898，P﹤0.001）。MSCT充气造影诊断食管平滑肌瘤的特异度、灵敏度和准确率分别为96.8%、78.9%、90.0%，诊断食管癌的特异度、灵敏度和准确率均为100%。结论MSCT充气造影检查作为一种诊断食管疾病的新方法，有利于提高食管疾病的检出率，在临床中具有重要的应用价值。

简介：目的评价高频彩超检查对腮腺肿块的诊断及鉴别诊断的价值。方法应用高频彩超对58例腮腺肿块的患者进行检查，并结合病理检查结果分析、总结腮腺肿块的超声图像特征。结果高频彩超检查对腮腺肿块的总检出率为100％，对腮腺良、恶性肿块的诊断符合率分别为87．2％、68．4％，其中腮腺囊肿诊断符合率为100％。二维超声检查中腮腺良、恶性肿块在形态、边界、边缘和内部回声方面的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。彩色多普勒血流显像对腮腺良、恶性肿块血流信号的检出率分别为82．1％、94．7％。以收缩期峰值流速≥23．8cm／s作为诊断腮腺恶性肿块阈值的标准，脉冲多普勒诊断的敏感度和特异度分别为73．7％和71．8％；以阻力指数≥0．68（除混合瘤外）作为诊断腮腺恶性肿块阈值的标准，其诊断敏感度和特异度分别为73．3％和85．0％。结论高频彩超检查对腮腺肿块的检出率及诊断符合率均较高，对腮腺肿块的定性诊断有重要的临床应用价值。

简介：目的：探讨官腔镜诊断子宫异常出血性疾病的应用价值。方法：对我科2005年6月至2005年11月因子宫异常出血行官腔镜检查并宫内膜活检结果进行回顾性分析。结果：术前B超检查官腔内异常30例（占27．7％），而官腔镜发现宫内异常共68例（占62．9％）。活检内膜病理结果异常87例（占80．6％）。结论：官腔镜检查能直视官腔内的病变，定位取材，诊断准确率高，是诊断子宫异常出血的很好手段。但官腔镜检查不能取代子宫内膜病理组织学检查。

简介：胃癌是一种常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤，通常会在早期无症状或症状较轻微，导致许多患者错过了早期治疗的最佳时机。因此，早检查、早诊断、早治疗是胃癌治疗的关键。本文将详细介绍胃癌的早期检查、诊断和治疗的重要性。