简介：理解长期的人环境的相互作用要求过去的陆地使用和陆地封面变化的历史的重建。大多数重建从历史的来源首先基于一致地可得到、相对标准化的信息。基于可得到的数据来源和回顾的研究，在我们考察的这篇论文数字重建和分析的途径和方法他们在下列方面的优点和可能的限制：(1)历史的文件关于过去的陆地使用包含质或半量的信息，它通常也包括档案的文件的陆地封面数据，而是准备是很费时间的。(2)历史的地图和图画为视觉、空间的量的陆地封面提供信息。(3)自然档案为经过植被重建作为一个方法有重要优点并且当历史的记录失踪或缺乏时，特别有它的唯一的可能性，但是它有重建某些陆地封面类型的大限制。(4)历史的重建模型逐渐地从实验模型被开发了到机械学的。方法做不仅重建在历史的时期的陆地使用/盖住的数量，但是它也复制空间分发。然而仍然有有高空间的分辨率的很少历史的陆地封面数据集。(5)重建方法能从多重观点基于多重来源的数据和多学科的研究造历史的陆地封面，补充失踪的数据，验证重建结果并且因此改进重建精确性。然而，有挑战，仍然在探索阶段做方法。这个方法能是为历史的陆地封面重建的一个长期的发展目标。研究人员们应该集中于由开发新模型与高空间的分辨率重建历史的陆地封面数据集以便学习结果能有效地在气候、生态的效果的模拟被使用。

简介：Inthispaper,accordingtotheFujianSeismicNetworkearthquakecatalogrecords,theTnowmethodandtheFourStationsContinuousLocationmethod(hereinaftercalledFSCL)putforwardbyJinXingareinspectedbyusingP-wavearrivalinformationofthefirstfourstationsofeachseismicevent.Resultsshowthatforearthquakeswithinthenetwork,bothmethodscanobtainsimilarlocationresultsandlocationdeviationsaresmallforthemajorityoftheevents.Forearthquakesoutsidethenetwork,thelocationdeviationmaybeamplifiedastheepicentraldistanceincreases,owingtotheseismicstationdistributionwhichspreadtowardthesideoftheepicenterandthesmallopeninganglebetweenseismicstationsusedforlocatingandepicenter.FortheFSCLmethod,theimpactsofthewavevelocityonthelocationresultsmaybesignificantforearthquakesoutsidethenetwork.Thus,selectingavelocitymodelwhichissimilartotheactualstructureofthewavevelocitywillcontributetoimprovinglocationresultsofearthquakes.TheFSCLmethodcanlocatemoreseismiceventsthantheTnowmethod.ItconcludesthattheTnowmethodmakesuseofmistakeinformationfromsomenon-triggeringstationsinearthquakecatalog,andsomeP-wavearrivalsarenotincludedintheearthquakecatalogduetodiscontinuousrecordsorunclearrecordsoftheseismicphase,whichinducesincorrectlocation.

简介：静电干扰是为处理深思考的大挑战地震数据。在这份报纸，几个不同静电干扰答案在处理深思考被实现了在华南和他们的相应结果的地震数据被比较了以便发现合适的静电干扰答案。任何一个静电干扰解决方案基于tomographic原则或把领域静电干扰的低频率的部件与相结合高周波折射静电干扰之一能为深思考提供合理静电干扰解决方案在有很崎岖的表面地形学的华南的地震数据，并且二个静电干扰解决方案能改正两长空间的波长和短的静电干扰异例。表面一致的剩余静电干扰修正能用作好赔偿到几种第一个静电干扰答案。合适的静电干扰答案能改进地震的节的质量和决定，特别为在最高的披风的莫霍的思考。

简介：Duetotheexistenceofthermaloffsets,globalsolarirradiancesmeasuredbypyranometersaresmallerthanactualvalues,anderrorsarelargerinthedaytime.Untilnow,thereisnouniversally-recognizedcorrectionmethodforthermaloffseterrors.Therefore,itisimperativetoidentifyaconvenientandeffectivecorrectionmethod.Fivecorrectionmethodswereevaluatedbasedonthedatameasuredfromafieldexperimentfrom23Januaryto15November,2011.Resultshaveshown:1)Temporalvariationcharacteristicsofthermaloffsetsinthefourtestedpyranometersareconsistent.2)Amongthefivemethods,non-dimensionalquantitymethodissuggestedforusetocorrectthermaloffsets,becauseitisconvenientandnomodificationofinstrumentsisrequired.Ifcollocatednetlongwaveradiationandwindspeeddataareavailableandtheiruncertaintiesaresmall,thehistoricalsolarradiationdatasetscanalsobecorrected.Andcorrectioneffectsbythemethodarebetter.

简介：Aseriesofshake-tabletestswasconductedbyinsertingandreplacing4differenttypesofdampers,orbyremovingtheminafull-scale5-storysteelframebuilding.Theobjectiveistovalidateresponse-controltechnologiesthatareincreasinglyadoptedformajorJapanesebuildingswithoutbeingattestedto-datebyamajorearthquake.Testresultsarebrieflydescribed,andgoodperformanceofthedampersandframedemonstrated.Theconceptsofthefull-scalebuildingtestsandvariouscontributionsarediscussed.Thedifficultyassociatedwithfull-scaledynamictestingisexplained.

简介：KarstrocksfromtheHuanglongFormationexposedatthemarginoftheEasternSichuanBasincanbedividedintofourtypes:slightlycorroded,moderatelycorrodedporous,intenselycorrodedbrecciatedandintenselycorrodedandreplacedsecondarycalcickarsticrocks.Thecarbon,oxygenandstrontiumisotopecompositionsofthevariouskarstrocksareanalyzedsystematicallyandcomparedtorockswithoutkarstcorrosion.Theresultsindicatethat(1)theHuanglongFormationintheeasternSichuanBasinwasarestrictedbaysuppliedandcontrolledbyfreshwaterinwhichmudmicriteandmud-dolomicriteexhibitlowδ13Candδ18Ovaluesandhigh87Sr/86Srratios;(2)alltypesofkarsticrocksinthepaleokarstreservoirsoftheHuanglongFormationintheresearchareaareaffectedbyatmosphericfreshwaterwiththeδ13Candδ18Ovaluesand87Sr/86Srratiosintheoriginalformationapproachingthoseofatmosphericfreshwater,whichreflectsancienthydrologicalconditions,fluidproperties,isotopicsourceandthefractionationeffect;(3)theintenselycorrodedandreplacedsecondarylimestoneisaffectedbyavarietyofdiageneticfluids,oftenreflectedbyδ13Candδ18Ovalues,whilethe87Sr/86Srratiosexhibitthestrongdegreeofthecorrosion;(4)aftercomparingthe87Sr/86Srratiosofeachtypeofkarstrock,thediageneticfluidsaredeterminedtobemainlyatmosphericfreshwater,anddependingonthestrengthofcorrosion,andthelow87Sr/86Srratiofluidsinthelayerwillparticipateinthekarstprocess.Thecarbon,oxygen,andstrontiumisotopesofdifferentkarsticreservoirscanprovidemeaningfulgeochemicalinformationforforecastingandevaluatingthedevelopmentanddistributionrulesoftheHuanglongFormationatthemarginoftheeasternSichuanBasinintimeandspace.更多还原