简介:Statisticalapproachesforevaluatingcausaleffectsandfordiscoveringcausalnetworksarediscussedinthispaper.Acausalrelationbetweentwovariablesisdifferentfromanassociationorcorrelationbetweenthem.Anassociationmeasurementbetweentwovariablesandmaybechangeddramaticallyfrompositivetonegativebyomittingathirdvariable,whichiscalledYule-Simpsonparadox.WeshalldiscusshowtoevaluatethecausaleffectofatreatmentorexposureonanoutcometoavoidthephenomenaofYule-Simpsonparadox.Surrogatesandintermediatevariablesareoftenusedtoreducemeasurementcostsordurationwhenmeasurementofendpointvariablesisexpensive,inconvenient,infeasibleorunobservableinpractice.Therehavebeenmanycriteriaforsurrogates.However,itispossiblethatforasurrogatesatisfyingthesecriteria,atreatmenthasapositiveeffectonthesurrogate,whichinturnhasapositiveeffectontheoutcome,butthetreatmenthasanegativeeffectontheoutcome,whichiscalledthesurrogateparadox.Weshalldiscusscriteriaforsurrogatestoavoidthephenomenaofthesurrogateparadox.Causalnetworkswhichdescribethecausalrelationshipsamongalargenumberofvariableshavebeenappliedtomanyresearchfields.Itisimportanttodiscoverstructuresofcausalnetworksfromobserveddata.Weproposearecursiveapproachfordiscoveringacausalnetworkinwhichastructurallearningofalargenetworkisdecomposedrecursivelyintolearningofsmallnetworks.Furthertodiscovercausalrelationships,wepresentanactivelearningapproachintermsofexternalinterventionsonsomevariables.Whenwefocusonthecausesofaninterestoutcome,insteadofdiscoveringawholenetwork,weproposealocallearningapproachtodiscoverthesecausesthataffecttheoutcome.
简介:Therecentrapiddevelopmentsintheautomobileindustryhavedemandedtheextensiveuseofgalvannealed(GA)steelsheets.Inparticular,thedevelopmentoflightweightautomobilesisputtingincreasinglyhigherrequirementsonthestrengthofGAsteelsheets.Thegalvannealfurnace,whichisusedforprocessinggalvannealedsteelsheets,istypicallycomposedoftheinductionheatingsection,holdingsectionandfogcoolingsection.Thispaperdescribedthestructuralcharacteristicsofeachcomponentofthegalvannealfurnace,andanalyzedtemperaturecontrolmethodsofthegalvannealfurnacethatareimportantforthesuccessfulproductionofhigh-strengthGAsteelsheetsforautomotiveapplications.
简介:CO2emissionofthesteelindustrytakesupagreatproportionofthetotalemissionoftheworld.ItisnecessarytoreducetheCO2intensityofsteelproductsinordertosaveenergy,protecttheenvironmentandkeepasustainabledevelopmentinthesteelindustry.Basedontheresearchofsteelproducts'lifecycleinventory,thosewhoconductedthisresearchhavefocusedontheanalysisofCO2emissionfactorsandmeasures.Adoptingthelifecycleinventorymodelofacertainsteelmakingsite,togetherwiththeTornadoChart,theresearchershaveidentifiedsignificantfactors,providedsomeexplanation,andsuggestedsomepossiblemeasurestoreduceCO2emission.TheresultshaveshownthatthemostimportantfactorsaretheCO2intensityofblastfurnacegas(BFG),hotmetalratioofbasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)andthematerialutilizationefficiency.Accordingly,somemeasuressuchasremovingCO2inBFG,decreasingthehotmetalproportioninBOF,andimprovematerialutilizationefficiencyineachprocess,maybetakentodecreaseCO2emission.
简介:Inthispaper,aspiralmagneticfieldelectromagneticstirrer,whichcanseparatelyinducetwodifferentmagneticfields,isintroduced.Thecorrespondingcentralmagneticfluxcurvesofthestirrerweremeasuredbytwodif
简介:La1.5Mg17Ni0.5hydrogenstoragematerialswerepreparedbyhydridingcombustionsynthesis(HCS)andmechanicalalloying(MA)methodrespectively.TheexperimentalresultsshowthatthehydrogenabsorptionpropertiesofLa1.5Mg17Nio.5preparedbyMAarebetterthanthatbyHCS.La1.5Mg17Nio.5preparedbyMAcanabsorb6.73mass%hydrogenat523Kwithin1min,and4.92mass%hydrogenat423K.TheimprovementofhydridingpropertiesofLa1.5Mg17Ni0.5alloypreparedbyMAcanbeascribedtotheformationofnano-crystallineanddefectsduringthemechanicalalloying.