简介：aSpringerOpenJournalwww.forestecosyst.comAimsandScopeForestEcosystemsisaninternationalOpenAccessjournalpublishingscientificcommunicationsfromanydisciplinethatcanprovideinterestingcontributionsaboutthestructureanddynamicsof'natural'and'domesticated'forestecosystems,andtheirservicestopeople.Wewelcomeinnovativescienceaswellasapplicationorientedworkthatwillenhanceunderstandingofwoody

简介：BasedontheinvestigationinAnjiCountyofZhejiangProvinceandBa'nanDistrictofChongqing,thispaperanalyzedthecharacteristicsofforestmanagementbehaviorsofforestfarmersinChinaandtheimpactfactorsforforestmanagementincome,andthencameupwithsomepolicyrecommendationstoincreasetheforestmanagementincomeofforestfarmers.ItarguedthatthefactorstoimpactonforestmanagementincomeofforestfarmersinChinaincludethechoiceofforestproductstype,theelementsinfo...

简介：Thepaperwasbasedonthecurrentdevelopmentstatusofforestcertificationtoanalyzethebasiccharacteristicsofforestcertificationfromthedevelopmentpointofviewintermsoforigin,development,maindriversandimpacts,andthenconductedtheapproachanalysistopromotesustainableforestmanagementwithforestcertificationinChina.TheresultshowedthatChinashallestablishherownforestcertificationscheme,withthefocusontheimprovementofforestsustainablemanagementconceptthro...

简介：Thoughpublicforestsincountriestakeupasmallportionofforests,theirimportanceinrespectofenvironmentalsideloomslargegradually.ThispaperstudiesandcomparesthepublicforestmanagementandforestlawsinFranceandtheUSA,attemptingtoexploretheforestoperationpracticeinbothcountriesandtheemphasisofthelawgoverningforestmanagement,sothatalessoncanbedrawnforustolearninChina.

简介：自从1990年代，在朝鲜，损坏与气候变化有关的台风稳定地增加了。红松(Pinusdensiflora)在光纽恩格·福雷斯特的森林被台风Kompasu极大地在2010扰乱。调查被执行在地面甲壳虫澄清差别(翘目：Carabidae)在森林差距和undamaged森林之间的社区。地面甲壳虫从早5月用陷井陷井被取样到2011年10月下旬。植被变化，崽层，有机物层，和土壤条件也被测量。32种类的1035地面甲壳虫的一个总数是镇定的。与我们的期望相反，地面的种类丰富，丰富，和社区结构在森林差距急速移动类似于undamaged森林里的那些。种类丰富和许多产地类型也是类似的。然而，在森林差距的种类差异和估计的种类丰富比在undamaged森林里显著地高。这些调查结果建议台风形成的森林差距没导致伟人改变观点甲壳虫社区。

简介：Background:Theglobaldecreaseinwildlifepopulations,especiallybirds,ismainlyduetolandusechangeandincreasingintensityoflanduse(ParmesanandYohe2003).However,impactsofmanagementtoolstomitigatebiodiversitylossatregionalandglobalscalesarelessapparentinforestregionsthathaveaconstantforestarea,andwhichdidnotsufferfromhabitatdegradation,andwhereforestsaresustainablymanaged,suchasinCentralEuropeorthenortheasternUSA.AbiodiversityassessmentforGermanysuggested,forexample,thatbirdpopulationswereconstant(BundesamtfürNaturschutz2015).Results:Thisstudyshowsthatchangesintheenvironmentandinforestmanagementoverthepast45yearshavehadasignificant,positiveeffectontheabundanceofnon-migratoryforestbirdspeciesinCentralEurope.Economy(timberpricesandGDP),forestmanagement(timberharvestandmixedforestarea),andenvironmentalfactors(atmosphericCO2concentrationandnitrogendeposition)wereinvestigatedtogetherwithchangesinabundancesofmigratoryandnon-migratoryforestbirdsusingpartialleastsquarespathmodeling.Climatechange,resultinginlongerseasonsandmilderwinters,andforestmanagement,promotingtreediversity,weresignificantlypositivelyrelatedtotheabundanceofnon-migratoryforestbirdsandexplained92%ofthevariationintheirabundanceinEurope.Regionally-migratingforestbirdshadstablepopulationswithlargevariation,whilebirdsmigratingacrosscontinentsdeclinedinrecentdecades,suggestingsignificant,contrastingchangesinbirdpopulationsinEurope.InnortheasternNorthAmericawealsofoundevidencethatnon-migratoryforestshaveexperiencedlong-termincreasesinabundance,andthisincreasewasrelatedtomanagement.TheincreaseofpopulationsofnonmigratoryforestbirdsinEuropeandNorthAmericaisassociatedwithanincreaseinstructuraldiversityanddisturbancesatthelandscapelevel.Conclusions:Ourresultssuggestthatreportsaboutbirddecline

简介：Background:Climatechangeislikelytocausesignificantmodificationsinforests.Risingtothischallengemayrequireadaptationofforestmanagement,andthereforeshouldtriggerproactivemeasuresbyforestmanagers,butitisuncleartowhatextentthisisalreadyhappening.Methods:ThesurveycarriedoutinthisresearchassesseshowforeststakeholdersinBelgiumperceivetheroleoftheirforestmanagementinthecontextofclimatechangeandtheimpedimentsthatlimittheirabilitytoprepareandrespondtothesechanges.Results:Respondentsindicatedstrongawarenessofthechangingclimate,withmorethantwo-thirds(71%)expressingconcernabouttheimpactsofclimatechangeontheirforests.However,lessthanone-thirdoftherespondents(32%)reportedmodifyingtheirmanagementpracticesmotivatedbyclimatechange.Amongthemajorconstraintslimitingtheirclimaterelatedactions,lackofinformationwasconsideredthemostimportantformanagersofbothpublicandprivateforests.Conclusions:Knowledgetransferisanessentialconditionforresearchtoleadtoinnovation.Improvingthecommunicationanddemonstrationofpossiblesolutionsforclimatechangeadaptationisthereforelikelytobethemosteffectivestrategyforincreasingtheiradoption.

简介：因为他们说明大量陆上的碳存储和生产率，热带森林在减轻气候变化起一个关键作用。然而，有许多无常，与碳动力学的评价联系。我们沿着一个斜坡估计了森林结构和碳动力学(17.3跱<

简介：选用层次结构的层次分析法作为数学工具，对山西省秋千沟林场的林种和树种结构进行了研究．结果表明：该法对于“目标结构比较复杂，缺乏必要数据的结构优化问题”比较适用，可按兼顾生态效益、社会效益和经济效益，又要有所侧重的原则，将各林种、树种的面积比例落实到合理的水平上．更多还原

简介：arbuscularmycorrhizal(AM)的生物多样性殖民和AM真菌的孢子在根和相思树阿仙药(L.f)的根围土壤被学习。野，一。mangiumWilld，AnthocephalacadambaMiq，ArtocarpuschaplashaRoxb，ChickrassiatabularisA。法，Swieteniamacrophylla国王，TectonagrandisL。从种植园；Albiziaprocera(Roxb)Benth，一。falcatariaL.，Alstoniascholaris(L.)R。Br，Aphanamixispolystachya(墙)帕克，Hydnocarpuskurzii(国王)Warb，HeyneatrijugaRoxb，Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.)Pers.，Messuaferrea悬崖，罗汉松属nerifolia唐，Swintonia花束玫瑰Griff，Syzygiumfruticosum(Roxb)DC，S。grandis(Wt)Wal。从森林和A的托儿所幼苗。polystachya，一。chaplasha，GmelinaarboreaRoxb。并且S。来自Hazarikhil森林的cuminii(L.)Skeels，孟加拉国的Chittagong。根在苯胺蓝色被染色，根围土壤被湿sieving和移注的方法估计。AM殖民的范围在种植园样品从10%73%显著地变化了。最大的殖民在A被观察。mangium(73%)和最小的殖民在C被观察。tabularis(10%)。小囊的殖民是在五种植园树种的记录15%67%。最高在A。cadamba(67%)并且最低在T。grandis；A。chaplasha和C。tabularis没显示出小囊的殖民。Arbuscular殖民是在四种植园树种的记录12%60%。最高在A。mangium(60%)并且最低在A。cadamba。Artocarpuschaplasha的根，C。tabularis和T。grandis没显示出arbuscular殖民。在12森林树种类之中，九树种显示出AM殖民。最高在A。falcataria(62%)并且最低在S。fruticosum(10%)。在小囊的殖民的重要变化在七森林树种被记录。最高在H。trijuga(52%)并且最低在L。speciosa(18%)。Hydnocarpuskurzii，M。ferrea，P。nerifoliaS。fruticosum和S。grandis没显示出小囊的殖民。Arbuscular殖民在七森林树种被记录。最高在A。falcataria(60%)并且最低在A。procera(10%)。所有托儿所幼苗证明AM殖民和�

简介：Background:ThiscontributionevaluatestheeffectofforeststructureandtreespeciesdiversityonplotproductivityandindividualtreegrowthintheuniqueKnysnaforestsinSouthernAfricausingmappedtreedatafromanobservationalstudythathasbeenre-measuredoveraperiodof40years.Methods:Theeffectsoftreespeciesdiversityandforeststructureontreegrowthandforestproductionareevaluatedonthreelevelsofresolution:a)theforestcommunity(canopy,sub-canopyspecies),b)thesubplots(numberoftreesperha,skewnessofthediameterdistribution,diametercoefficientofvariation)andc)theimmediateneighborhoodofselectedreferencetrees('Mingling','Dominance',Aggregation'and'SizeVariation').Results:Ananalysisofthecommunitylevelidentifiedtwodistinctclusters,oneincludingdominant/canopyspecieswiththehighestgrowthratesandagreatervariationofgrowth,andanotherclusterwhichincludestheremainingsubcanopyspecieswhichhaveasmallermaximumsizeandlowerratesofgrowth.Thearea-basedstructurevariablesonplotlevelhaveahighlysignificanteffectontotalbasalareagrowth.However,theeffectsofforestdensityandspeciesrichnessonproductivitywerenotstraightforward.Maximumbasalareaproductionofabout0.75m~2/ha/yearisachievedatmediumlevelsofrichness(around20speciesperha)andmediumlevelsofdensity(around30m~2/habasalarea)usingpercentileregressionestimates.Therelative'Dominance'ofaselectedreferencetreehadahighlysignificanteffectonindividualtreegrowthonallinvestigatedspecies.Otherneighbourhoodstructurevariableswereonlyoccasionallysignificantornotsignificantatall.Conclusion:Thiscontributionpresentsanewtheoreticalframeworkforanalysingnaturalforeststhatincludescommunity,plotandneighborhoodvariablesofforeststructureanddiversity,andafirstspecificanalysisofthestructureanddynamicsoftheKnysnaAfromontaneForest,basedonauniquesetoflongtermobservations.Thespecies-area(SAR

简介：www.forestecosyst.comAimsandScopeForestEcosystemsisaninternationalOpenAccessjournalpublishingscientificcommunicationsfromanydisciplinethatcanprovideinterestingcontributionsaboutthestructureanddynamicsof'natural'and'domesticated'forestecosystems,andtheirservicestopeople.Wewelcomeinnovativescienceaswellasapplication

简介：ＦＯＲＥＳＴＡＮＤＴＲＡＤＩＴＩＯＮＡＬＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＮＡＴＩＯＮＡＬＩＴＩＥＳＢｙＨｅＰｉｋｕｎＹｕｎｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｉｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈ－ｅａｓｔｏｆｔｈｅ＂ＲｏｏｆｏｆｔｈｅＷｏｒｌｄ＂ｐｌａｔｅａｕｏｆＴｉ...

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简介：Withavastterritory,Chinaisrichinforestresourcesanddiversifiedenvironments.Thechangesinforestresourceshaveadirectbearingonenvironmentalquality.ThepapergivesadetailedaccountofthedynamicchangeinforestresourcesinChina,includingtheoverallprocessofforestevolution,thestatusquoandfeaturesoftheexistingforestresourcesandthedevelopmentanduseofmajorforestresources.Inaddition,itanalysesthecurrentsituationofChina'senvironmentandexploresthemaincontn'butingfactorsbasedontheoverallenvironmentalsituation.InordertoachievesustainablemanagementofforestresourcesandimprovetheenvironmentinChina,theChinesegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetotheprotectionanddevelopmentofforestresourcesaswellasenvironmentaldevelopmentandimprovement.Thepapergivesanoverviewofthethinkingforsustainableforestresourceandenvironmentaldevelopmentinthefutureandcurrentfocusofefforts.

简介：ＴＨＥＤＡＩＣＵＳＴＯＭＯＦＦＯＲＥＳＴＳＴＥＷＡＲＤＳＨＩＰ￥ＢｙＺｈｏｎｇＸｉｎｒｕｉＸｉｓｈｕａｎｇｂａｎｎａｉｎＹｕｎｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｉｓｋｎｏｗｎａｓｔｈｅｗｉｄｅｓｐｒｅａｄｄｅｆｏｒｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｌａｓｈ－ａｎｄ－ｂｕｒ...

简介：我们识别了主要非木材森林产品(NTFP)，他们对家庭收入的贡献，和在在Kaffa地区的Gimbo和Decha区域的Bonga森林区域使用NTFP影响家庭的约会的决定因素，西南埃塞俄比亚。六Kebeles(在埃塞俄比亚的最低行政单位)从二个区域被取样，150个家庭随机在每Kebele基于农场家庭的数字用proportional-to-size技术被取样。第二等的数据被收集从，焦点组讨论与选择个人一起被进行。农民多样化的生计活动象庄稼和家畜生产那样，NTFP和离开农场活动的收集。NTFP在家庭收入起了一个重要作用。从主要NTFP(森林咖啡，蜂蜜和香料)的贡献说明了47%年度家庭收入。NTFP的角色被很多个因素影响。包括对区域(+)本国的变量，全部的土地成立(+)，到扩展(+)的家畜(+)和存取的拥有显著地影响了森林咖啡生产。家庭头的年龄()，从住处的市场的土地成立(+)和距离()显著地影响的蜂蜜生产。土地所有的(+)的尺寸，出售的距离()并且从住处的森林的距离()是决定收入由家庭导出的NTFP的重要变量。注意为家庭的健康在政策和策略的设计被需要到对本地收入的NTFP的贡献，影响NTFP的收集的变量必须被考虑。

简介：Microbialcommunityfunctionaldiversityisasensitiveindicatorofsoil.Forestfirescanchangemicrobialcommunityfunctionaldiversity.Inthisresearch,thefiredsoilsampleswerecollectedfromHuzhongofDaxing’anlinginHeilongjiangProvince.ThefunctionaldiversityofsoilmicrobialcommunitywasdetectedbyBIOLOGsystem.Theaveragewellcolordevelopment(AWCD)inBIOLOGplatesindicatedtheabilityofcarbonsubstrateutilizationofmicrobialcommunity.TheindicesofShannon,SimpsonandMcintoshwerecalculatedtoshowtherichness,dominanceandevennessofthefunctionaldiversity,andtheprincipalcomponentanalysisofsubstratereactionsreflectedthemaincarbonsourcesutilizedbymicrobialcommunity.TheresultsshowedthatallthesamplesexhibitedthereductionofAWCDduringthefirst144hoursofincubation,buttherewereobviousdifferencesinthereductiondegreeamongthesamples.Allkindsoffireintensitiescouldinfluencemicrobialcommunityfunctionaldiversity.Thelowfireintensityincreasedtherichness(Shannon),dominance(Simpson)andevenness(Mcintosh)ofmicrobialcommunity.However,theintermediateandhighfireintensityreducedtheseparameters,suggestingthattheburnedsoilemittedgaseousnitrogen,anumberoforganiccarbonandavailablephosphorus,whichcausedthereductionofthemicroorganisminquantityandtype,andchangeinsoilingredients.Theorganicmaterialreducedintheburnedsoil,inthesametime,thepHvaluesrose,whichchangedenvironmentinwhichmicroorganismlives.Thechangedenvironmentmightnotbeconducivetoactivitiesofthemicroorganism.Theprincipalcomponentanalysisshowedthatthemaincarbonsourcesforsoilmicrobeswerecarbohydratesandaminoacidsandthecarbonsubstrateutilizationpatternsindifferentsamplesweresignificantdifferent.Theresultsindicatedthatfunctionaldiversityofsoilmicrobeswerealteredbyforestfires,andtheabilityofmicrobestoutilizecarbonsourceandthetypeofcarbonsourceswereaffectedbydif

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简介：ByTangCaifuForestsaretherichestrenewableplantresourcesandembraceeconomic,ecologicalandsocialbenefits.Variousconflictsandcontradictionsariseinexpandingtheutilizationofforestresources.AparticipatoryevaluationmethodwasusedtoinvestigateconflictsinforestresourcesutilizationinLongweiandLinwanVillages.Thes