简介：Thedemandforsimpleandrapidbioassaysinecotoxicologicalevaluationsisofparamountimportanceinordertospeedupenvironmentalmonitoringprograms.Inthisstudyweperformedbioassayswithlettuceseedsandtwospeciesofterrestrialisopods(ArmadillidiumvulgareandPorcelliodilatatus)fortheecotoxicologicalassessmentofalandfarmingsoilfromapetrochemicalcomplexarea.Thesolubilizedcontentoftestsoildemonstratedaconcentration-responsetypetoxiceffectonseedgerminationrate,andadelayongermination,butshowedtoxiceffectonseedlingswetweightonlyatthehighestconcentration.Toxiceffectswerealsoobservedinmortalityrateandavoidancebehaviorofthetwowoodlicespecies.Theseresultsdemonstratedthesensitivenessoftheorganismsstudied,andhighlightedthepossibilitytousethesebioassaysinenvironmentalmonitoringprogramsinareascontaminatedwithfossilfuels.

简介：我们在一条森林道路的不同部分测量了erodibility和土壤总数的吝啬的重量直径(MWD)。表层土的样品从cutslope，fillslope，估计质地的道路表面和森林地面，体积密度，潮湿，CaCO3和有机物被收集。土壤总数稳定性被湿sieving决定。道路表面上的土壤erodibility分别地比在fillslope和cutslope上高2.3和1.3倍。森林土壤有最低erodibility。cutslope和道路表面的总数稳定性分别地低、很低。在有CaCO3和沙内容的cutslopeerodibility之间有一种重要否定关系。Cutslopeerodibility与增加淤泥，泥土和潮湿内容增加了。在fillslopes上，MWD与增加岩石碎片盖子，植物盖子，崽盖子，有机物和沙增加了。在fillslopeerodibility和有机物之间有强壮的否定关联，沙和MWD。在悬钩子属植物hyrcanusL下面赤裸的土壤和土壤的erodibility之间没有重要差别。并且Philonotismarchica(Hedw)Brid。

简介：Soilfoodwebstructureisfundamentaltoecosystemprocessandfunction;moststudiesonsoilfoodwebstructurehavefocusedonagro-ecosystemsunderdifferentmanagementpracticesandnaturalterrestrialecosystems,butseldomongreenhouses.ThisstudyexploredthestaticandtemporalvariabilityofsoilfoodstructureintwogreenhousesofShandongProvince,NorthChinaoveratwo-yearperiod.Thestaticpropertiesweremeasureddirectlybysurveyingfunctionalgroupcompositionandaseriesofparametersportrayingthespeciesproperties,linkproperties,chainpropertiesandomnivorypropertiesoftheweb,aswellasindirectlythroughcalculationofnematodeindices,enrichmentindex(EI),structureindex(SI),andchannelindex(CI).Thedynamicvariabilityofgreenhousesoilfoodstructurewasdescribedbythedynamicsoffunctionalgroups,Bray-Curtis(BC)similarityandclusteranalysis.Theresultsshowedthatthegreenhousesoilfoodwebcontained14functionalgroups,withmicrobeshavingthehighestmeanbiomass,followedbyprotozoa.Ofthethreefunctionalgroupsofprotozoa,flagellateswerethedominantgrouponmostsamplingdates,amoebaeonlybecamethedominantgroupduringthesummer,whileciliatesweretheleastprevalentgroup.Allnematodeswereassignedintooneofthefourfunctionalgroups,bacterivorous,fungivorous,herbivorousandomnivorous,andthefungivorousnematodeshadthelowestmeanbiomass.Miteswereassignedintothreefunctionalgroupsandtheomnivorousnoncryptostigmaticmiteswerethedominantgroup.Allthefunctionalgroupsshowedsignificantseasonalchanges.Thesoilfoodwebconnectancewas0.15,themaximumfoodchainlengthwas5,andtheaveragefoodchainlengthwas3.6.TheprofilesoftheEIandSIshowedthatthefoodwebwasresourcedepletedwithminimalstructure.TheresultsofCIindicatedthatthebacterialdecompositionpathwaywasthedominantpathwayinthefoodwebofthegreenhousesoilsstudiedandtheresultsofBCsimilarityshowedthatthesoilfoodwebhadhig

简介：Environmentalriskspertainingtocontaminatedsoilshavebeenwellstudied,whilelittleattentionhasbeenpaidtotherisksofthesoilsafterremediation.Inthisstudy,aconceptmodeldevelopedbasedonfuzzysettheorywasappliedtoevaluatetheuncertaintiesofthreeriskindicators,namely,plantgrowth,groundwatersafetyandhumanhealth,ofarestoredsitethathadbeenpreviouslypollutedbyheavymetals.Theconceptmodelclassifiedthegradeandimportanceofriskfactorsbyan11-levelrankingsystemandwasabletoyieldacomprehensiveriskresultratherthanmulti-riskresultsforcomplexriskindicators.Modelingresultsshowedthattheriskstothethreeindicatorswereeffectivelyreducedaftertheremediation.Moreover,greatsensitivityoftheriskswasfoundrelatedtotheweightdistributionamongthethreeriskindicators.Ingeneral,therisksofbothpollutedandrestoredsoilstotheenvironmentwereintheorderofgroundwatersafety>plantgrowth>humanhealth.Themodelwasprovedtosolvetheproblemsofmulti-riskresultsduetocomplexriskindicatorsthatpreviouslyencounteredbyotherresearchers,whichmadeithelpfulindecision-makingandmanagementofrestoredsoils.

简介：Soilaggregatestability,animportantindexofthephysicalcharacteristicsofasoil,canprovideagoodindicationofasoil’serodibility,anddeservesspecialconsiderationinregionswithcoldclimate.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastostudytheeffectoffreeze-thawonsoilwater-stableaggregatesintheblacksoilregionofNortheastChina.Samplesofatypicalblacksoilintheregionwerecollectedtomeasurewater-stableaggregatesafterfreeze-thawunderdifferentconditions(i.e.,initialmoisturecontents,freezethawcyclesandfreezingtemperatures)bywet-sievingintoeightparticlesizegroups(>10,10–6,6–5,5–3,3–2,2–1,1–0.5,and0.5–0.25mm).Freeze-thawhadthemosteffectonaggregatestabilitywhenthesampleshadaninitialmoisturecontentof400gkg-1.Thewater-stableaggregatesofthefourlargerparticlesizegroups(>5,5–3,3–2,and2–1mm)reachedapeakstabilityvalue,butthoseofthetwosmallerparticlesizegroups(1–0.5and0.5–0.25mm)reachedaminimumvaluewhenthesoilmoisturecontentwas400gkg-1.Water-stableaggregatesofthefourlargerparticlesizegroupsdecreasedwhilethoseofthetwosmallerparticlesizegroupsincreasedwiththeincreaseoffreeze-thawcycles.Astemperaturesfell,thewater-stableaggregatesofthefourlargerparticlesizegroupsdecreasedwhilethoseofthetwosmallerparticlesizegroupsincreased.

简介：温室实验被进行在在正常、含硒的土壤上种的二个米饭变化(PR116和PusaBasmati1121)调查硒累积和它的抗氧化剂反应。植物生长在早发展的阶段被减少，flowering被10d的一个时期在含硒的土壤上推迟。3–20和13–14增加的硒累积在叶子合拢，在从PusaBasmati1121和PR116变化的谷物的18和3褶层分别地。在从在含硒的土壤上种的大米植物的叶子的硒累积导致了叶绿素内容，氢过氧化物，脯氨酸，免费氨基酸，全部的酚和丹宁内容的重要增加。而过氧化氢酶活动显示出一个反向的趋势，在叶子的类脂化合物peroxidation层次和peroxidase活动增加了。硒累积减少了，这被结束在在庄稼期间，开发而是这些种的米饭的干燥的事内容能由在他们的防卫系统导致改变与硒毒性作斗争。

简介：从土壤表面的二氧化碳(CO2)的流动在陆上的生态系统介绍碳(C)周期的一个重要部件并且被很多个关於生命、不能生活的因素控制。以便更好在副热带的森林里理解土壤CO2流动(FCO2)的特征，土壤FCO2率在五种邻近的森林类型被确定(樟脑树森林，马森松森林，混合樟脑树和马森消瘦森林，中国香甜的口香糖森林，并且猛砍松森林)在在长沙的Tianjiling国家公园，湖南省在副热带的中国，从1月到2010年12月。土壤温度(Tsoil)的影响，容量的土壤浇内容(土壤)，玷污pH，玷污器官的碳(SOC)并且玷污土壤FCO2率上的C/nitrogen(N)比率也被调查。年度吝啬的土壤FCO2率与森林类型变化了。土壤FCO2率在樟脑树森林里是最高的(3.53瑮楲畢楴湯?潴琠敨猠楯??中?湡?桴瑡倠?灡汰捩瑡潩?污潳愠捣汥牥瑡摥???牴湡晳牯慭楴湯椠?潳汩猠飼?飼吗？？

简介：我们在奇塔贡·希尔道在Khagarachari山区域的Aatmile从二个代表性的地点收集了土壤样品。这些地点之一在转移耕作和其它下面是邻近的13年的旧柚木种植园。两个地点在有寓言土壤的地文学的状况和一样的方面打的一样，它使我们能测量在土壤上转移耕作的效果微植物群。我们学习了土壤物理化学的性质和土壤微生物的生物化学、生物的性质。象真菌和细菌的人口一样的潮湿和有机物内容，两个在表面和表面下的土壤，显著地(p0.001)在不在转移耕作下面与土壤相比转移栽培土壤更低，即柚木种植园地点。在表面(010厘米)的最丰富的细菌并且表面下(1020厘米)分别地，当时，在转移耕作下面的土壤是Pseudomonasdiminuta和Shigella在柚木种植园的相应土壤层，占优势的微生物是杆菌firmus(010厘米)和Xanthomonas(1020厘米)。因为，微生物引起的人口差别不能被土壤质地差别解释组织上从二个地点的土壤的类似但是能在在转移耕作下面的土壤与显著地更低的潮湿和有机物内容有关。

简介：到环境因素的空间的全体的土壤氮(N)同位素作文和时间的规模和他们的关系的模式说明N周期并且N采购原料，并且是到全球变化的陆上的N周期和它的反应的综合指示物。这研究的目的是：我)15N(15N)在Qinghai西藏的高原上在不同生态系统类型和土壤侧面珍视调查土壤N内容和自然许多的模式；ii)珍视在土壤N内容和土壤15N的模式上检验气候的因素和土壤特征的效果；并且iii)介绍越过生态系统和土壤测试在土壤15N价值和土壤C/N比率之间的关系。土壤侧面沿着二横断在51个地点被取样在长度的1875km和200km分开并且在Qinghai西藏的高原上的森林，草地和大草原里分布式。每个地点被取样从0～40厘米和每件样品的土壤深度的每10厘米为土壤N内容和15N价值被分析。我们的结果比的显示在草地的土壤N和15N价值(040厘米)高得多在荒芜的大草原。当沿着土壤侧面的土壤15N价值的变化不要不是土壤15N价值趋于与土壤深度增加的山草地，低地草地，和适度的大草原在大多数生态系统之中是统计上重要的时，土壤N为每个生态系统与土壤深度减少了。在土壤15N价值和吝啬的年度降水之间的寓言的关系显示土壤15N价值与在荒芜的大草原增加降水直到500公里增加了，然后与越过所有另外的生态系统增加降水减少了。而且，在15N价值之间的寓言的关系和吝啬的年度温度在所有单个生态系统类型存在。土壤N和15N价值(040厘米)随土壤淤泥和泥土内容的增加增加了。而且，大约11的C/N比率的阀值把在土壤15N价值和土壤C/N比率之间的寓言的关系划分了成积极(C/N<11)并且否定(C/N>11)分开，它越过所有生态系统和土壤侧面是有效的。为土壤15N价值的土壤C/N比率的大解释力量建议了那C和N集中，被降水和温度�

简介：Atotalof400surfacesoil(0–15cm)sampleswerecollectedfromcultivatedsoilsrepresentingfoursoilseries,namely,Hariharapur,Debatoli,RajporaandNeeleswaraminOrissa,Jharkhand,HimachalPradeshandKeralastatesofIndia,respectively,andwereanalyzedtomeasurethecontentsoftotalandextractableMnandFe,toestablishtherelationshipamongtotalandextractableMnandFeandsoilproperties,andtocharacterizethespatialdistributionpatternofMnandFeinsomecultivatedacidsoilsofIndia.ThecontentsoftotalaswellasextractableMnandFevariedwidelywithextractantsandsoilseries.However,theamountsofMnorFeextractedbydiethylenetriaminepenta-aceticacid(DTPA),Mehlich1,Mehlich3,0.1molL-1HClandammoniumbicarbonateDTPA(ABDTPA)weresignificantlycorrelatedwitheachother(P<0.01).BasedontheDTPA-extractablecontentsandthecriticallimits(2mgMnkg-1soiland4.5mgFekg-1soil)publishedintheliterature,MnandFedeficiencieswereobservedin7%–23%and1%–3%ofthesoilsamples,respectively.Thecontentofsoilorganiccarbon(SOC)hadgreaterinfluenceontotalandDTPA-extractableFethandidsoilpH.GeostatisticalanalysisrevealedthattotalandDTPA-extractableMnandFecontentsintheacidsoilswereinfluencedbysoilpH,SOCcontent,andexchangeablecationslikepotassium,calciumandmagnesium.SpatialdistributionmapsoftotalandDTPA-extractableMnandFeinsoilindicateddifferentdistributionpatterns.

简介：Aerobicrice(OryzasativaL.)cultivationisconsideredanalternativeproductionsystemtocombatincreasedwaterscarcityandarsenic(As)contaminationinthefoodchain.PotexperimentswereconductedattheWheatResearchCentre,Dinajpur,Bangladeshtoexaminetheroleofwatermanagement(WM),Asandphosphorus(P)onyieldandyieldattributesofboro(varietyBRRIdhan29)andaman(varietyBRRIdhan32)rice.Atotalof18treatmentcombinationsofthethreelevelsofAs(0,20and40mg/kg)andP(0,12.5and25.0mg/kg)andtwoWMstrategies(aerobicandanaerobic)wereinvestigated.YieldattributesweresignificantlyaffectedbyincreasingAslevels.GrainyieldsofBRRIdhan29andBRRIdhan32werereducedfrom63.0to7.7and35.0to16.5g/potwithincreasingAsapplication,respectively,indicatingagreatersensitivityofBRRIdhan29thanBRRIdhan32.Moreover,AstoxicitywasreducedwithaerobiccomparedtoanaerobicWMforallPlevels.Duringearlygrowthstages,phytotoxicsymptomsappearedonBRRIdhan29andBRRIdhan32ricestemswithincreasingAslevelswithoutapplyingPunderanaerobicWM.UnderanaerobicandAs-contaminatedconditions,BRRIdhan29washighlysusceptibletostraighthead,whichdramaticallyreducedgrainyields.Thereweresignificantrelationshipsbetweenthenumberofeffectivetillersperpotandrootdryweight,grainyield,andnumberoffertileandunfertilegrainsperpotforbothBRRIdhan29andBRRIdhan32(P<0.001).OurfindingsindicatethatricecouldbegrownaerobicallyinAs-contaminatedareaswithareducedriskofAstoxicityandyieldloss.

简介：Bt玉米叶垃圾的化学作文上的基因修正的非计划中的效果可以在它的分解上有影响。在在南非的很农业的系统，玉米垃圾是任何一个留在土壤表面上或在耕种期间合并了到土壤。用三个玉米混血儿(DKC80-12B，DKC80-10和DKC6-125)的叶垃圾，一个litterbag实验在堡垒兔研究农场的大学被执行，南非，为了在玉米叶的分解上决定基因修正的效果，乱丢东西什么时候在在7月和11月之间的地条件下面留在土壤表面上，正常休闲时期，在2008。另一个litterbag实验在堡垒兔研究农场的大学被进行，使用南非遗传上与cry1Ab修改了的二个玉米混血儿的叶垃圾并且Zanyokwe灌溉计划，基因(MON810)，DKC75-15B和PAN6Q-308B，和他们的相应近的isolines，CRN3505和PAN6Q-121。在崽的Cry1Ab蛋白质的降级，适用表面、合并土壤，也被调查。当在表面上适用时并且当合并了到土壤时，Bt玉米垃圾的分解类似于non-Bt玉米垃圾的。合并土壤的垃圾，以及它的Cry1Ab蛋白质，比在表面上适用的快分解了。叶崽C:PAN6Q-308B和PAN6Q-121的N比率在整个学习是类似的，而那些在一个12星期的时期期间由类似的数量DKC75-15B和CRN3505衰退了。这些调查结果建议与MON810事件，Bt玉米的叶垃圾的那分解没被玉米影响基因修正，并且Cry1Ab蛋白质不管崽是否在土壤表面上被使用或合并了到土壤在冬季休闲期间和植物叶垃圾垮掉。

简介：Apotexperimentwasconductedtoinvestigatetheeffectsofnitrogencontent[N1(nofertilizer),N2(0.15g?kg–1),andN3(0.3g?kg–1)]onthegrowthandthehydrauliccharacteristicsofpeachseedlingsunderdifferentsoilmoistureconditions(W1,W2andW3,inwhichthesoilwatercontentwas45%to55%,60%to70%,and75%to80%ofthefieldwatercapacity,respectively)byusingaspecializedhighpressureflowmeterwitharootchamberandacoupling,whichwasconnectedtoplantorgans.Leafareaandleafhydraulicconductivity(KL)increasedsignificantlyintheseedlingsbecauseofincreasedsoilmoistureandNcontent.KLincreasedwithleafarea.AlinearcorrelationwasdocumentedbetweenKLandleafarea.KLwashigherinthemorningandbegantodeclinesharplyafter16:00,atwhichKLdeclinedafteraninitialincrease.SoilmoistureandNcontentenhancedshoot(Ks)androot(Kr)hydraulicconductivities,therebyimprovingthelowsoilmoistureconditiontoalargeextent.KsandKroftheseedlingswerereducedby32%and27%respectivelyinN1,andby14.7%and9.4%,respectivelyinN2,andbothinW1,comparedwiththecontroltreatment.N3hadnosignificanteffectonKsandKrundersimilarconditions.LinearnegativecorrelationswereobservedbetweenKrandtheexcisedrootdiameteraswellasbetweenKsandtheshootstemdiameter.Theshoot-to-rootratioincreasedwithincreaseinNcontent.Theshoot-to-rootratioinN3wasincreasedby14.37%,comparedwithN1inW1aswellasby12%and4.39%inW2andW3,respectively.KnowledgeoftheeffectsofsoilmoistureandNfertilizeronhydrauliccharacteristicsandgrowthisimportant.Ourresultsprovidebasicguidelinesfortheimplementationofwater-savingirrigationandfertilizationmanagementofnurserystock.