简介：质子放射疗法在hepatocellular癌(HCC)的治疗看见了一个增加的角色。历史上，外部横梁放射疗法由于毒性的高发生在HCC起了一个很有限的作用到包围正常结构。把放射的高剂量送到肿瘤的能力是在在HCC改进结果的一个关键因素。在光子放射疗法的进展改进了剂量一致并且允许剂量逐步上升到肿瘤。然而，尽管有这些进展，仍然有一个大量正常的肝，在处理期间收到可观的放射剂量。一旦他们进入身体，质子横梁没沿着横梁路径有出口剂量。质子放射疗法的固有的物理属性提供一个方法当避免过多的放射到留下的肝时，经由剂量逐步上升最大化肿瘤控制，因此增加的生物有效性。在这评论，我们在HCC为质子放射疗法讨论物理属性和基本原理。我们也关于为HCC的处理使用质子放射疗法的临床的结果考察最近的文学。

简介：

简介：AbstractIntroduction:Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive cutaneous malignancy, and its pathogenesis might relate to ultraviolet light and Merkel cell polyomavirus infection. MCC in the Chinese population is uncommon.Here, we present a case of MCC that occurred based on widespread actinic keratosis (AK) in a Chinese female.Case report:An 82-year-old woman presented with two rapidly enlarging and rupture lesions on the face for 1 year. Biopsy was suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on the forehead and MCC on the left cheek. The patient had a history of generalized AK for 3 years. The lesion on the left cheek was also revealed as an AK by histopathological examination 1 year ago. Complete surgical resection was performed to remove the two malignancies.Discussion:The co-occurrence of AK, SCC, and MCC in a Chinese woman is unusual. Immunohistopathological examination is vital for correct diagnosis. The three tumors, in this case, may originate from two different precursor cells and are affected by the same carcinogen. Alternatively, they may come from the same pluripotent epidermal stem cells, and chronic exposure to ultraviolet light and Merkel cell polyomavirus lead to the formation of different types of tumors. The coexist of MCC with other cutaneous tumors provided a train of thought for exploring the origin of MCC.Conclusion:We reported a rare co-existence phenomenon of MCC associated with AK and SCC. Hence, long-term follow-up and early treatment are imperative for patients with premalignant lesions, such as widespread AK.

简介：AbstractIntroduction:Verrucous carcinoma is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma. It generally grows exogenously and bone erosion is rare. Here we present a case of verrucous carcinoma on the foot with toe absence.Case presentation:A 64-year-old man presented with a 6-year history of a slowly growing exogenous hyperkeratotic verrucous lesion on the right fifth toe, which had been absent for 1 year. Before the lesion appeared, he had undergone nail extraction on this toe. The culture of fungi and mycobacteria were negative. Three-dimensional computed tomography showed that the fifth toe of the right foot was absent. Histopathological examination showed that the lesion was exogenous and verrucous and exhibited moderate keratinocyte hyperplasia. Combined with clinical manifestation and histopathological examination, verrucous carcinoma is suggested. The lesion was surgically excised, and the patient was followed up for more than 6 months without recurrence.Discussion:Verrucous carcinoma is an exophytic tumor with verrucous growth at the beginning, which can invade deep tissues and even cause limb mutilation. When encountering a patient with a wart-like plaque on the foot that responds poorly to conventional treatments, clinicians should maintain a high degree of clinical vigilance and a low threshold for biopsy.Conclusion:We observed a rare outcome of toe absence associated with verrucous carcinoma. Therefore, early diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma is very important. Surgical excision is an effective treatment at present. Extensive resection is usually required to avoid recurrence.

简介：Nasopharyngealcarcinoma(NPC)isacommonheadandneckmalignancy.TheincidenceofNPCishigherinSouthernChinaandSoutheastAsiacomparedwithWesterncountries.Givenitshighradiosensitivity,thestandardtreatmentforNPCisradiotherapy.However,radioresistanceremainsaseriousobstacletosuccessfultreatment.Radioresistancecancauselocalrecurrenceanddistantmetastasesinsomepatientsaftertreatmentbyradiation.Thus,specialemphasishasbeengiventothediscoveryofeffectiveradiosensitizers.Thisreviewaimstodiscussthebiomarkers,classifiedaccordingtothemainmechanismsofradiosensitization,whichcanenhancethesensitivityofNPCcellstoionizingradiation.

简介：客观：复制错误(RER)与colorectal癌(CRC)的开始和开发有关。调查RER+和RER的不同生物行为？CRC。方法：染色PCR单个的海滨符合构造多型性(PCR-SSCP)和使中毒的polyacrylamide胶化电气泳动方法的银被用来在染色体2上在4loci检测microsatellite不稳定性(MSI)，5，17在60colorectal癌(CRC)和他们的配对的正常组织的嵌入石蜡的标本。如果，RER+被获得2或更多的loci作为获得额外的乐队表现了。结果：结果证明RER+在19/60CRC，7个案例在之中有家庭历史被发现。根据阿姆斯特丹的标准，4作为世袭nonpolyposiscolorectal癌症(HNPCC)被诊断，并且哪个3个案例是RER+。在HNPCC(75%)的比率RER+在分散的CRC(28.5%)之中比那显著地高。大多数RER+CRC有糟糕区分的腺癌的特征(P<0.01)，包含冒号的右边的趋势(P<0.05)，有家庭历史的一个更高的比例(P<0.05)，Ducke的A和B阶段(P<0.05)。结论：结果显示RER+是在CRC的一个相对普通的分子的事件。在RER+和RER之间有不同clinico病理学的特征和行为吗？CPC。

简介：Colorectalcarcinoma(CRC)isacommoncauseofmorbidityandmortalityworldwide.TwopathogenicpathwaysareinvolvedinthedevelopmentofadenomatoCRC.ThefirstpathwayinvolvesAPC/β-catenincharacterizedbychromosomalinstabilityresultingintheaccumulationofmutations.ThesecondpathwayischaracterizedbylesionsinDNAmismatchrepairgenes.AberrantDNAmethylationinselectedgenepromotershasemergedasanewepigeneticpathwayinCRCdevelopment.CRCscreeningisthemostefficientstrategytoreducedeath.SpecificDNAmethylationeventsoccurinmultistepcarcinogenesis.EpigeneticgenesilencingisacausativefactorofCRCdevelopment.DNAmethylationshavebeenextensivelyexaminedinstoolfromCRCandprecursorlesions.ManymethylatedgeneshavebeendescribedinCRCandadenoma,althoughnodefiniteDNAmethylationbiomarkerspanelhasbeenestablished.MultipleDNAmethylationbiomarkers,includingsecretedfrizzled-relatedprotein2,secretedfrizzled-relatedprotein1,tissuefactorpathwayinhibitor2,vimentin,andmethylguanineDNAmethyltransferase,havebeenfurtherinvestigated,andobservationshaverevealedthatDNAmethylationbiomarkersexhibitwithhighsensitivityandspecificity.ThesemarkersmayalsobeusedtodiagnoseCRCandadenomainearlystages.Realtimepolymerasechainreaction(qPCR)issensitive,scalable,specific,reliable,timesaving,andcosteffective.Stoolexfoliatedmarkersprovideadvantages,includingsensitivityandspecificity.AstoolqPCRmethylationtestmayalsobeanenhancedtoolforCRCandadenomascreening.

简介：

简介：AbstractMetabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Many risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of MAFLD with metabolic dysregulation being the final arbiter of its development and progression. MAFLD poses a substantial economic burden to societies, which based on current trends is expected to increase over time. Numerous studies have addressed various aspects of MAFLD from its risk associations to its economic and social burden and clinical diagnosis and management, as well as the molecular mechanisms linking MAFLD to end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes current understanding of the pathogenesis of MAFLD and related diseases, particularly liver cancer. Potential therapeutic agents for MAFLD and diagnostic biomarkers are discussed.

简介：

简介：无

简介：Coloncancersdevelopadaptivemechanismstosurviveunderextremeconditionsanddisplayhallmarksofunlimitedproliferationandresistancetocelldeath.Thederegulationofcelldeathisakeyfactorthatcontri-butestochemoresistanceintumors.Inaphysiologicalcontext,balancebetweencellproliferationanddeath,andprotectionagainstcelldamagearefundamentalprocessesformaintaininggutepithelialhomeostasis.Themechanismsunderlyinganti-deathcytoprotectionandtumorresistanceoftenbearcommonpathways,andalthoughdistinguishingthemwouldbeachallenge,itwouldalsoprovideanopportunitytodevelopadvancedanti-cancertherapeutics.Thisreviewwilloutlinecelldeathpathways(i.e.,apoptosis,necrosis,andnecroptosis),anddiscusscytoprotectivestrategiesinnormalintestinalepitheliumanddeathresistancemechanismsofcolontumor.Incolorectalcancers,theintracellularmechanismsofdeathresistanceincludethedirectalterationofapoptoticandnecroptoticmachineryandtheupstreameventsmodulatingdeatheffectorssuchastumorsuppressorgeneinactivationandpro-survivalsignalingpathways.Theautocrine,paracrineandexogenousfactorswithinatumormicroenvironmentcanalsoinstigateresistanceagainstapoptoticandnecroptoticcelldeathincoloncancersthroughchangesinreceptorsignalingortransporteruptake.Therolesofcyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandinE2,growthfactors,glucose,andbacteriallipopolysaccharidesincolorectalcancerwillbehighlighted.Targetinganti-deathpathwaysinthecoloncancertissuemightbeapromisingapproachoutsideofanti-proliferationandanti-angiogenesisstrategiesfordevelopingnoveldrugstotreatrefractorytumors.

简介：Althoughthyroidcarcinomaisarelativelycommonformofmalignancy,metastaticspreadtotheskullisrare.Here,wereportacaseofpapillarythyroidcarcinomawithfrontalandparietalmetastasis.A61-year-oldChinesewomanpresentedwithaoneyearhistoryofagrowingmassonthecenterofthefrontalandparietalbone,initiallythoughttobemeningioma.Biopsyoftheskullbasemassafterintracalvariumexcision,indicatedatumorofthyroidorigin.Onemonthlaterthepatientunderwentatotalthyroidectomy.Pathologicalexaminationconfirmedadiagnosisofpapillarythyroidcarcinomawithfrontalandparietalbonemetastasis.Basedonthisexperience,thekeytosuccessfulmanagementoftheskullmetastasisofthyroidcarcinomaispromptdiagnosisandappropriatetreatment.Skullmetastasisshouldbeconsideredattheoutsetoftheclinicalcourseofpapillarythyroidcancer.Tofacilitatethis,patientsshouldbemeticulouslyinvestigatedbyamultidisciplinaryteamtoimprovequalityoflife.

简介：ＡＣＡＳＥＲＥＰＯＲＴＯＦＰＲＩＭＡＲＹＳＱＵＡＭＯＵＳＣＡＲＣＩＮＯＭＡＯＦＴＨＥＥＮＤＯＭＥＴＲＩＵＭＨｅＷｅｎｃｕｉ何文翠；ＷｕＪｉｎｇ吴静；ＣｈａｎｇＪｉｅ唱捷；（ＴｈｅＳｅｃｏｎｄＡｆｆｉｌｉａｔｅｄＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌ，Ｘｉ’ａｎＭｅｄｉｃａ...

简介：ＭＲＩＦＥＡＴＵＲＥＳＡＮＤＲＥＳＥＣＴＡＢＩＬＩＴＹＰＲＥＤＩＴＩＯＮＯＦＥＳＯＰＨＡＧＥＡＬＣＡＲＣＩＮＯＭＡＫｏｎｇＸｉａｎｇｑｕａｎ孔祥泉Ｌｕｏｈａｎｃｈａｏ罗汉超ＰｅｎｇＺｈｅｎｊｕｎ彭振军ＬｉｕＤｉｎｇｘｉ刘定西ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＲ...

简介：客观：学习在胸方法的ductalcarcinomainsitu的作为一个预示的因素的组织学的分级的意义：根据凡·奈鈥檚分类，胸的ductalcarcinomainsitu(DCIS)的32个盒子被划分成三个组。结果：低等级(很好区分的、低等级DCIS)12个病人(37.5%)；中间的等级，9个病人(28.1%)；高等级(糟糕区分的DCIS)11个病人(34.4%)。在高等级DCIS之中，histologic子类型是粉刺(9个病人)，micropapillary(1个病人)和固体(1个病人)。在高等级DCIS的积极表示ofc-erbB-2，p53和MIB-1在中间、低的等级DCIS比那高。高等级和低等级DCIS之间的差别是重要的(P<0.05)。表示嗯在高等级，DCIS在中间、低的等级DCIS是比那低的。结论：胸ductalcarcinomainsitu的组织学的分级可以是一个好预示的因素。

简介：FromJune,1986toJune1989,24casesofhilarbileductcarcinomawereexploredintheSurgicalDepartmentofGeneralHospitalofPLA,16/24caseswereresected,aresectabilityrateof66%.Theincreaseofresectabilityratewasduetoearlierrecognitionofthisconditionandtheextensionofsurgery,includingmajorresectionofliveraswellasradicaldissectionofthehepato-duodenalligamentandrepairativeoperationsonthebloodvessels.Amongthese16cases,majorhepaticresectionwasperformedin10cases,inwhich,3casesofresectionsofthemiddlelobeoftheliverweredoneinsteadofrightorextendedrightlobectomy.Nooperativemortalityinthe30days’postoperativeperiod,butthepostoperativemorbidityratewasstillhighandmostofthecomplicationswererelatedtobiliaryleakageandinfection.Threepatientsdiedinthefollowupperiodat6,14and15monthsrespectively.Allofthemdiedfrombiliaryinfection.Theremaining13patientswerestillalive,thelongestbein

简介：ＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＥＳＴＲＯＧＥＮＡＮＤＰＲＯＧＥＳＴＥＲＯＮＥＲＥＣＥＰＴＯＲＩＮＮＡＳＯＰＨＡＲＹＮＧＥＡＬＣＡＲＣＩＮＯＭＡＺｈｅｎｇＴｉａｎｒｏｎｇ郑天荣；ＬｉＪｉａｎｃｈｅｎｇ李建成；ＬｉｕＸｉｕｙｉｎｇ刘秀英；（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆ...

简介：Objectives:Toevaluateoutcomesintreatingcarcinomaofexternalauditorycanal(EAC)andtoanalysisfactorswhicheffecttheprognosisofthisdisease.Methods:Aretrospectivelyreviewof16patientstreatedforcarcinomaofEACatourdepartmentbetweenApril2000andApril2014wasconducted.Allpatientsunderwentsurgicaltreatmentandthediagnosisconfirmedbypathologicalexamination.Results:Therewereadenoidcysticcarcinoma(ACC)in8patients,squamouscellcarcinoma(SCC)in5patients,adenocarcinoma(AC)in2patients,andverrucouscarcinoma(VC)in1patient.ThetumorswereclassifiedasStageIin4cases,StageIIin2cases,StageIIIin3cases,andStageⅣin7cases.Fivepatientsunderwentextensivetumorresection(ETR),2patientsunderwentlateraltemporalboneresection(LTBR),5patientsunderwentmodifiedLTBR,2patientsunderwentsubtotaltemporalboneresection(STBR),and2patientsunderwentonlyopenbiopsy.Besides,adjunctiveprocedures,includingneckdissection,parotidectomyandpinnaresectionwereperformedwhenindicated.Tenpatientsreceivedpostoperativeradiotherapy.Bytheendoffollowup,twopatientshaddiedoftheirdisease,2losttofollowup,2survivedwiththedisease,andtherestsurviveddisease-free.Themedianfollow-upperiodwas24months.Conclusion:CompletetumorresectionappearstobeaneffectivetreatmentforcarcinomaoftheEAC.PatientswithSCCseemtohaveworseprognosisthanthosewithACC.Radiationtherapyseemslesseffectiveforihediseasethansurgicaltreatment.

简介：尽管有在动物模型获得的出色的结果，船边交货ligand(FasL)的临床的使用被严重毒性作为anticancer药限制。死亡ligands的全身的毒性可以被使用编码膜界限死亡ligands的基因阻止，由指向的transgene，通过也的表示指向了transduction或指向了抄写。肿瘤房间死亡的选择正式就职是有希望的anticancer策略。熔化蛋白质被熔化船边交货ligand(FasL)的细胞外的领域到有选择地在肿瘤endothelial房间上指向av3-integrins的肽arginine-glycine-aspartic酸(RGD)创造。这研究的目的是在鼠科的hepatocellular癌(HCC)在肿瘤生长和幸存上评估RGD-FasL的效果肿瘤模型。有与FasL作为与那相比在HCC肿瘤模型上显示明显的镇压效果的RGD-FasL的处理(p<0.05)并且在这个模型在肿瘤生长延期上导致了更多的添加剂效果。RGD-FasL处理显著地提高了老鼠幸存并且没引起有毒的效果，例如重量损失，机关失败，或另外的处理相关的毒性。Apoptosis被流动cytometric分析和TUNEL试金检测；那些结果也证明RGD-FasL比FasL是为H22和H9101房间线的房间apoptosis的更多的有势力inducer(p<0.05)。在结论，RGD-FasL看起来是肿瘤房间死亡的低毒性的选择inducer，它在现出症状之前的潜、临床的研究应得进一步的调查。而且，这条途径与治疗学的recombinant蛋白质为complexing目标ligands提供一种万用的技术。为了在vivo，肿瘤和肝区分FasL的反肿瘤效果，纸巾被收获由染色的Hematoxylin和曙红(H&E)为坏死的房间，肿瘤房间，或apoptotic房间的证据检验。