简介:本月来了一次阿联酋之旅。确实听说过阿布扎比和迪拜的富有,也看过好多电影中表现当地的场景,但当你来到这个地方,还是会被小小地震撼一下。阿联酋在发现石油之前,曾经一贫如洗,如今更像是一夜暴富。我想起中国的发展历程也很快,也有很多人经历过一夜暴富,但是相互对比之下,还是阿联酋人更加会享受财富,也更加会享受生活。阿联酋曾经是英国殖民地,民众行事风格还是保有一些英式的绅士风格,从街上人们的开车风格就可见一斑,基本上阿联酋人和欧美发达国家的人一样,都会在人行道上礼让行人,整个社会也比较规矩,只是在修建了那么多世界之最以后,多少有些暴发户的心态而已。反观中国,就不那么让人乐观了,虽然我们也经常喜欢追求世界第一,但整个社会的心态都是相当急躁的。
简介:Themainuseforspentcoffeegrounds(SCG)producedinthesolublecoffeeindustryisthermalenergygenerationintheindustryitself.TheSCGareprocessedusingoperationsthatarestronglydependentonpowderflowbehavior.Inthisstudy,weevaluatedtwoclassicalflowabilityindicesofnon-consolidatedSCGpowders:theangleofrepose(AoR),andtheHausnerratio(HR).Theinfluencesofthemeanparticlediameter,particlesizedistribution(PSD),andwatercontentontheAoRandHRvaluesofSCGwereanalyzedforpowderswithameanparticlesizerangeof225-550μm.Forpowderswithameanparticlesizecloseto350μmandformixturescontainingmorethan40%fineparticles,theHR(>1.35)andAoR(>45°)valueswerecharacteristicofpoorflowability.TheAoRwassensitivetothepowderPSD,andpowderswithsimilarmeanparticlesizeshadhigherAoRvalueswhenthePSDwaslarger.Forpowdersw让hwatercontentsupto50%,theflowabilityindiceswerenotgreatlyaffectedbythewatercontent.Amodifiedlinear-mixturepackingmodelwasusedtopredictthepackedbedvoidfractionsforbinaryandternarymixturesofthethreebasepowders.ThemodelwasusedtoconstructaternarydiagramtoestimatetheHRvaluesofthemixtures.AnequationwasfittedtocorrelateHRandAoR.TheproposeddiagramandtheequationprovideinsightintoflowbehaviorandcouldbeusedforprocessdesignofindustrialplantsthathandleSCG.
简介:Thehouseholds—intheSierraNorteregionoftheStateofOaxaca,Mexico—havecombinedtheself-consumptionofstaplecrops(cornandbeans)withthecommercialproductionofcoffeeandsugarcaneonasmallscale.Until2014coffeeincomeaccountedformostofthehouseholdincomebudgetandthefollowingyeartherustepidemicsignificantlyreducedcoffeeproduction.In2017,aconsiderabledecreaseincoffeeincomewasdetected,althoughtheproducerhouseholdscontinuedinvestinginthiscrop,atthesametime,theylookedforcomplementarysourcesofincome.Thus,householdsassignedmoremanpowertothelabormarkets,andinvestedinsmallbusinesses,includingtheproductivechainofsugarcane.Migrationstandsoutasageneralstrategytoincreasethefamilybudget.Thedecisionanalysiswascarriedbymeansofthehouseholdeconomicsmodel(Reyes-Morales,Gijón-Cruz,&Cruz-Hernández,2015).Thedatabasesofaprobabilistichouseholdsurveyappliedin2014and2017wereusedtoconstructthemodelequationsbyordinaryleastsquares.Thismodelallowsdistinguishingbetweenthefractionofthehouseholdincomecontributingtohouseholdwellbeingandthatfractionallocatedforinvestmentandsavings.
简介:AbstractBackground:The risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is influenced by genetic predisposition, sex, and lifestyle. Previous research indicates that coffee is a potentially protective factor in CKD. The current study aims to investigate whether sex disparity exists in the coffee–CKD association, and whether genetic risk of CKD or genetic polymorphisms of caffeine metabolism affect this association.Methods:A total of 359,906 participants from the UK Biobank who were enrolled between 2006 and 2010 were included in this prospective cohort study, which aimed to estimate the hazard ratios for coffee intake and incident CKD using a Cox proportional hazard model. Allele scores of CKD and caffeine metabolism were additionally adjusted for in a subsample with qualified genetic data (n = 255,343). Analyses stratified by genetic predisposition, comorbidities, and sex hormones were performed. Tests based on Bayesian model averaging were conducted to ascertain the robustness of the results.Results:Coffee was inversely associated with CKD in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of coffee did not differ across different strata of genetic risk for CKD, but were more evident among slower genetically predicted caffeine metabolizers. Significant sex disparity was observed (P value for interaction = 0.013), in that coffee drinking was only associated with the risk reduction of CKD in females. Subgroup analysis revealed that testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), but not estradiol, modified the coffee–CKD association.Conclusions:In addition to the overall inverse coffee–CKD association that was observed in the general population, we could also establish that a sex disparity existed, in that females were more likely to experience the benefit of the association. Testosterone and SHBG may partly account for the sex disparity.