简介：Asthmaisverycommoninchildren;inWesterncountries,itisthemostcommondiagnosisinchilrenadmittedtohospital.Mostsurveysreportthatatlesst10%ofchildrenhavebeendiagnosedwithasthma,andrecentstudiesnotethatupto40-50%ofpre-schoolchildrenhavehadrecurrentwheezeoverthepreceding12mohths.Thereisnowlittledoubtthattheprevalenceofasthmahasincreasedworldwideoverthelast10-20years(Figure1).

简介：AbstractThe incidence and prevalence of asthma have increased remarkably in recent years. There are lots of factors contributing to the occurrence and development of asthma. With the improvement of sequencing technology, it has been found that the microbiome plays an important role in the formation of asthma in early life. The roles of the microbial environment and human microbiome in the occurrence and development of asthma have attracted more and more attention. The environmental microbiome influences the occurrence of asthma by shaping the human microbiome. The specific mechanism may be related to the immune regulation of Toll-like receptors and T cells (special Tregs). Intestinal microbiome is formed and changed by regulating diet and lifestyle in early life, which may affect the development and maturation of the pulmonary immune system through the intestinal-pulmonary axis. It is well-recognized that both environmental microbiomes and human microbiomes can influence the onset of asthma. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in the research of microbiome, its relationship with asthma, and the possible mechanism of the microbiome in the occurrence and development of asthma. The research of the microbial environment and human microbiome may provide a new target for the prevention of asthma in children who have high-risk factors to allergy. However, further study of "when and how" to regulate microbiome is still needed.

简介：AbstractSevere asthma is "asthma which requires treatment with high dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) plus a second controller (and/or systemic corticosteroids) to prevent it from becoming 'uncontrolled’ or which remains 'uncontrolled’ despite this therapy." The state of control was defined by symptoms, exacerbations and the degree of airflow obstruction. Therefore, for the diagnosis of severe asthma, it is important to have evidence for a diagnosis of asthma with an assessment of its severity, followed by a review of comorbidities, risk factors, triggers and an assessment of whether treatment is commensurate with severity, whether the prescribed treatments have been adhered to and whether inhaled therapy has been properly administered. Phenotyping of severe asthma has been introduced with the definition of a severe eosinophilic asthma phenotype characterized by recurrent exacerbations despite being on high dose ICS and sometimes oral corticosteroids, with a high blood eosinophil count and a raised level of nitric oxide in exhaled breath. This phenotype has been associated with a Type-2 (T2) inflammatory profile with expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Molecular phenotyping has also revealed non-T2 inflammatory phenotypes such as Type-1 or Type-17 driven phenotypes. Antibody treatments targeted at the T2 targets such as anti-IL5, anti-IL5Rα, and anti-IL4Rα antibodies are now available for treating severe eosinophilic asthma, in addition to anti-immunoglobulin E antibody for severe allergic asthma. No targeted treatments are currently available for non-T2 inflammatory phenotypes. Long-term azithromycin and bronchial thermoplasty may be considered. The future lies with molecular phenotyping of the airway inflammatory process to refine asthma endotypes for precision medicine.

简介：AbstractExposure to outdoor air pollution has been consistently associated with asthma. In this study, we reviewed the epidemiological studies published within the last 5 years on the association between outdoor air pollution and exacerbation and onset of asthma. A large number of studies have been published within the last 5 years. Short-term exposure to outdoor air pollution is associated with exacerbation of pre-existing asthma, manifested as worsening of symptoms and increasing of asthma-related emergency room visits and hospital admissions. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution can result in onset of asthma. Children are more susceptible to outdoor air pollution. Future studies should be conducted to explore the mechanisms underlying the association between air pollutants and onset of asthma, including gene involvement. In addition, disentangling the effect of a mixture of air pollutants and identifying the key components of air pollution will complete the existing evidence. More importantly, a better understanding is required on the future impact of air pollution on asthma under a changing climate.

简介：无

简介：无

简介：

简介：无

简介：无

简介：AbstractBackground:Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterized by mucosal inflammation that leads to a variety of symptoms, such as nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and sneezing. This rhinitis is triggered by inhalation of allergens, such as pollen, and this condition has a negative impact on the quality of life. AR was shown to be associated with a number of co-morbidities, including hypothyroidism, asthma, and chronic sinusitis.Objective:This study aimed to assess AR-associated comorbidities in patients presenting symptoms and paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) scan findings in Taif City, Saudi Arabia.Methods:This cross-sectional study evaluated medical and radiological records of AR patients retrospectively from the period of December 2018 to September 2019 in Al-Hada Armed Forces Military Hospital, Taif City, Saudi Arabia.Results:A total of 103 AR patients with a mean age of 39.0 ± 15.6 years with 55.3% males and 44.7% females. The three most common associated comorbidities in allergic rhinitis patients were chronic sinusitis (28.2%), hypothyroidism (21.4%), and asthma (8.7%). Nasal obstruction (30.1%) was the symptom most frequently presented by all patients. Mucosal thickening occurred most frequently in patients with associated chronic sinusitis, while bilateral osteomeatal complex obliteration was observed mostly in asthmatic patients, and bony boundary thinning was more prevalent among patients with associated hypothyroidism.Conclusion:The gender distribution of AR was 10% more common among males; however, the most common three comorbidites in allergic rhinitis patients were chronic sinusitis, hypothyroidism, and asthma, and most of those patients were females. Hypothyroidism can be a hidden predisposing factor for AR, while chronic sinusitis can be caused by AR due to secretion stasis or immune system activation.

简介：按梅花磁针综合疗法的要求,以梅花磁针针刺相应穴位,结合贴敷增效垫.98例患者,治疗1～2疗程后显效50例,好转39例,无效9例,总有效率为92.8%.梅花磁针综合疗法是治疗支气管哮喘的一种有效疗法.

简介：

简介：AbstractType 2 inflammation is a complex immune response and primary mechanism for several common allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. It is the predominant type of immune response against helminths to prevent their tissue infiltration and induce their expulsion. Recent studies suggest that epithelial barrier dysfunction contributes to the development of type 2 inflammation in asthma, which may partly explain the increasing prevalence of asthma in China and around the globe. The epithelial barrier hypothesis has recently been proposed and has received great interest from the scientific community. The development of leaky epithelial barriers leads to microbial dysbiosis and the translocation of bacteria to inter- and sub-epithelial areas and the development of epithelial tissue inflammation. Accordingly, preventing the impairment and promoting the restoration of a deteriorated airway epithelial barrier represents a promising strategy for the treatment of asthma. This review introduces the interaction between type 2 inflammation and the airway epithelial barrier in asthma, the structure and molecular composition of the airway epithelial barrier, and the assessment of epithelial barrier integrity. The role of airway epithelial barrier disruption in the pathogenesis of asthma will be discussed. In addition, the possible mechanisms underlying the airway epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by allergens and environmental pollutants, and current treatments to restore the airway epithelial barrier are reviewed.

简介：目的：通过蛋白质组技术鉴定针刺抗哮喘血清中差异蛋白，明确针剌抗哮喘效应的物质基础。方法：采用蛋白质双向电泳技术，对针刺抗哮喘血清进行蛋白质组份差异分析，并对差异蛋白质点进行质谱鉴定。结果：双向电泳显示，与其它组相比，肾上腺切除哮喘模型针刺组血清与哮喘模型针刺组血清有一个明显深染的蛋白点（MW=44．1kD，PI=5．1），质谱结果为60S核糖体蛋白L13或假想蛋白FLJ32191；双向电泳显示，与其它组相比，肾上腺切除哮喘模型针刺组血清有两个高峰度蛋白点（MW=39．8kD，PI=4．9和MW=39．5kD，PI=5．0），质谱分析表明依次为锌指蛋白208、甲状腺激素受体相关蛋白；双向电泳显示，肾上腺切除哮喘模型针刺组血清中有两个明显区别于其他组的特有蛋白点（MW=17．3kD，PI〈4．5和16．9kD，PI〈4．5）。质谱分析表明依次为亲环蛋白A、锌指蛋白91。结论：针刺治疗哮喘，是整体调整的多靶点效应，与免疫调节、基因表达、蛋白质合成等密切相关。针刺应答蛋白质功能有待深入研究。

简介：Salmeterol是长行动的β；激活adenylatecyclase的2收缩筋，引起长持续的bronchodilation并且被用于许多年到控制气喘。然而，很少信息都不关于salmeterol的immunoregulatory效果是可得到的。我们发现salmeterol减少在表示了肿瘤坏死factor-alpha，interleukin-1和interleukin-6的质问变应原的老鼠的一个模型的支持inflammatorycytokines的生产。树枝状的房间(DC)是介绍抗原的房间并且在航线充当哨兵。我们发现了那salmeterol(10−5mol/l)减少了lipopolysaccharide引起的发炎(0.1µ；g/ml)在激活的鼠科的骨头导出髓的DC。而且，西方的污点证明这保护的效果被禁止通过原子factor-kappaB发信号部分调停(NF-κ；B)，激活mitogen的蛋白质kinase(MAPK)小径和津贴的戏剧性地减少的层次。我们建议salmeterol由modulatingDC调整导致变应原的气喘的发炎。在结论，我们提供DC是为对气喘的salmeterol的行动负责的目标免疫者房间的证据。

简介：到真菌的促进感受性经常导致是特别地困难的临床上设法的气喘的一种严重形式，导致在这些病人的增加的病态和住院。尽管B淋巴细胞可能通过IgE的生产加重气喘症状，这些房间可能也在对吸入的真菌的保护的反应是重要的。通过cytokine版本和T房间相互作用，这些淋巴细胞可能也影响航线墙纤维变性的发展和维护。JH−/−老鼠为抗体的重链部件缺乏JH基因，它为B房间功能和幸存是批评的。这些动物在很多有免疫力的回答便于B淋巴细胞的角色的说明；然而，JH−/−老鼠没被用来学习真菌的过敏症。在这研究，我们用曲霉属菌fumigatus检验了B淋巴细胞的角色模仿被环境真菌的暴露触发的人的航线疾病的鼠科的真菌的高空过敏症模型。我们在敏化的野类型的BALB/c和J暴露于的H−/−老鼠重复了真菌的暴露并且没在大航线附近在航线hyperresponsiveness，全面肺的发炎或骨胶原免职发现差别。然而，Th2类型cytokinesIL-4和IL-13的层次显著地在J相对BALB/c控制的H−/−鼠标。由对比，煽动性的cytokinesIL-17A和IL-6的层次显著地在JH−/−动物，并且有显著地更柔韧的航线嗜曙红血球过多和neutrophilia比在控制动物。一起拿，这些调查结果表明淋巴细胞帮助在肺的分隔空间调整granulocytic回答到真菌的暴露的那B。

简介：

简介：Toexploretheroleofnuclearfactor-κB(NF-κB)inthesignalpathwayofproteinkinaseC(PKC)regulatingtheproliferationandapoptosisofTlymphocytesinasthma.Tlymphocyteswereisolatedfromtheasthmaticmodelofguineapigsandtheasthmaticpatients.EithertheTcellsstimulatedwithPMAaloneorthosestimulatedwithPMAtogetherwithpyrrolidinedithiocarbamate(PDTC)wereincubatedfor1and24h.TheproliferationofandthepresenceofNF-κBinthecellsincubatedfor1hwereobservedbyMTTandimmunohistochemicalstaining,respectivelyAndthecellsincubatedfor24hwereobservedfortheapoptosisbyTUNEL.Alltheassayswereparalleledwithcontrols,andallthedatawereanalyzedstatisticallywiththesoftwareSAS.ThepercentageofcellsofnuclearpositivestainingofNF-scBandtheproliferationofTlymphocytesfromasthmaticguineapigsandasthmaticpatientsstimulatedwithPMAweresignificantlyhigherthanthoseofTlymphocytesfromasthmaticguineapigsandasthmaticpatientsstimulatedwithoutPMArespectively(P<0.01)andthoseofTlymphocytesfromnormalcontrolguineapigsandnormalcontrolpersonsstimulatedwithPMArespectively(P<0.01),andweresignificantlyreducedbyPDTC(P<0.01).TheapoptosisindexofTlymphocytesfromasthmaticguineapigsandasthmaticpatientsstimulatedwithPMAweresignificantlylowerthanthoseofTlymphocytesfromasthmaticguineapigsandasthmaticpatientsstimulatedwithoutPMArespectively(P<0.01)andthoseofTlymphocytesfromnormalcontrolguineapigsandnormalcontrolpersonsstimulatedwithPMArespectively(P<0.01),andweresignificantlyinducedbyPDTC(P<0.01).ThereweregoodpositivecorrelationbetweenthepercentageofcellsofnuclearstainingofNF-κBofTlymphocytesandtheproliferationofTlymphocytes(r=0.51-0.72,P<0.001),andalsogoodnegativecorrelationbetweenthepercentageofcellsofnuclearstainingofNF-scBandtheapoptosisindexofTlymphocytes(r=-0.55-0.71,P

简介：无

简介：无