简介:Stabilityparameters(Monin-ObukhovlengthL,gradientRichardsonnumberRiandbulkRischardsonnumberRi),whichareapplicableinurbanenvironment,werediscussedforwaysofcalculatingclassificationstandards.Gradientobservationsfroma325-mmeteorologicaltowerinBeijingareusedtocategorizeRibbasedonthreedifferentstandardsofstabilityproposedbyD.Golder,IrwinandHoughton.TheresultsshowthatitisrelativelyreasonablefortheregionofBeijingtoapplytheclassificationstandardbyIrwin.
简介:Theexactclassicallimitsforthecoefficientofvariationcforthenormaldistributionarederived.Thehand-calculatingapproximatedclassicallimitsforchavinghighaccuracyaregiventomeetpracticalengineeringneeds.UsingOdehandOwen’scomputationalmethodandBrent’salgorithm,thetablesforther-upperexactclassicallimitsofcoefficientofvariation.fornormaldistributionarecalculatedforthedifferentconfidencecoefficientγ,thesamplesizen=I(1)30,40,60,120,thesamplecoefficientofvariation(?)=0.01(0.01)0.20.Itisshownthatifn≤8,(?)≤0.20,thentheY-upperexactclassicallimitscuforcareslightlyhigherthantheexactfiduciallimitscu,Fforc.ifn>8,(?)≤0.20,thencu-cu,F<5×10-6.
简介:AnSMIBmodelinthepowersystems,especiallythatconceringtheeffectsofhardlimitsonbifurcations,chaosandstabilityisstudied.Parameterconditionsforbifurcationsandchaosintheabsenceofhardlimitsarecomparedwiththoseinthepresenceofhardlimits.Ithasbeenprovedthathardlimitscanaffectsystemstability.Wefindthat(1)hardlimitscanchangeunstableequilibriumintostableone;(2)hardlimitscanchangestabilityoflimitcyclesinducedbyHopfbifurcation;(3)persistenceofhardlimitscanstabilizedivergenttrajectorytoastableequilibriumorlimitcycle;(4)HopfbifurcationoccursbeforeSNbifurcation,sothesystemcollapsecanbecontrolledbeforeHopfbifurcationoccurs.Wealsofindthatsuitablelimitingvaluesofhardlimitscanenlargethefeasibilityregion.Theseresultsarebasedontheoreticalanalysisandnumericalsimulations,suchasconditionforSNBandHopfbifurcation,bifurcationdiagram,trajectories,Lyapunovexponent,Floquetmultipliers,dimensionofattractorandsoon.
简介:Thenaturalworldspentbillionsofyearsinsolution-findingduringevolution,whichcouldbenefitTechnology.Howdoweputthatinanutshell?Biologicalsystemsaremorecomplexthanthemostcomplexcurrenttechnology.Anygivenfunctionandeffectaresimultaneouslycoordinatedandlinkedwithothersatmanylevelsofbiologicalorganisation-fromcellorganelletoorganism,topopulationandecosystem.Technologydoesnothavetoolstodealwiththecomplexityand"goalintendedness"oflivingsystems.Butlimitsforinteractionexistonbothsides-Biologicalscienceitselfisalsotooempiricalandnotmatureenoughtoprovideasolidbaseforcorrelatinglivingwithtechnicalsystems.Movingtowardsasynthesis,whereengineerscanutilizethevastamountofavailablebiologicaldata,wesuggestusingatoolcalled"TheoryofInventiveProblemSolving"(TRIZ)andclarifyingsomeimportantmethodologicalissues,whichhavenotpreviouslybeenrecognisedinbionicengineering:1)Requirenentformoreappropriatedefinitionsof"system","effect","function","law"and"rule".2)Requirementforunderstandingorevenmeasuringthedegreeofcontradictionoranalogybetweenfunctionsinbiologicalandartificialand/ornon-livingengineeringsystem-thereisnosimpledirectcorrelationbetweenwhatengineersfindusefulandwhatbiologydoes.
简介:Purpose:Thisstudyaimedtoinvestigatewhetherworkloadintensitymodulatesexercise-inducedeffectonreactiontime(RT)performances,andmorespecificallytoclarifywhethercognitivecontrolthatplaysacrucialroleinrapiddecisionmakingisaltered.Methods:FourteenparticipantsperformedaSimonTaskwhilecycling20minatalight(firstventilatorythreshold,VT1e20%),moderate(VT1),orveryhard(VT1t20%)levelofexercise.Results:After15minofcycling,RTsarefasterthanduringthefirst5minofexercise.ThisbenefitdoesnotfluctuatewiththeintensityofexerciseandenlargesasRTlengthens.Despiteanumericaldifferencesuggestingagreaterfacilitationduringmoderateexercise(16ms)thanduringalightexercise(10ms),thebenefitisnotstatisticallydifferent.Interestingly,wedidnotobserveanysignsofworseningonRToronaccuracyduringveryhardexercise.Conclusion:Cognitivecontrolisextremelyrobustandappearsnottobeaffectedbytheintensityofexercise.Theselectiveinhibitionandthebetween-trialsadjustmentsareeffectivefromthebeginningtotheendofexercise,regardlessoftheworkloadoutput.
简介:LetXbeacomplexBanachspacewithouttheanalyticRadon-Nikodymproperty.TheauthorshowsthatG={f∈H∞(D,X):thereexistse>0,suchthatforalmostallθ∈[0,2π],limsup‖f(rei)-f(sei)‖>∈}isadenseopensubsetofH(D,X).Itisalsoshownr,s↑1thatforeveryopensubsetBofT,thereexistsF∈H∞(D,X),suchthatFhasboundaryvalueseverywhereonBcandFhasradiallimitsnowhereonB.WhenAisameasurablesubsetofTwithpositivemeasure,thereexistsf∈H∞(D,X),suchthatfhasnontangentiallimitsalmosteyerywhereonAcandfhasradiallimitsalmostnowhereonA.
简介:Peacecanbeunderstoodasapactfortheperfectionofinstitutionsandthroughthemthepositivationofrights.Intoday’sworld,internationalwarsandconflictsaremarkedbytheculturalidentitiestowhichtheyrelate,bringingtotheforehistoricalsocialandhumanitarianinjustices.Inthissense,itispossibletorethinkpeacestudiesviathecommunitarianperspective.Suchaperspectivepointstosocialrecognitionfortheappealtohumandiversity,valuesbeingconstructedaccordingtoeachsocietyorsocialgroupandnotaprioriwithliberalpresuppositions.Inasocietywhererightsexistforonegroupandnotforanother,theidentityoftheunrecognizedgroupoccursthroughdenialofrights.Inadditiontodiscrimination,non-realizationofrightsequallyforallcauseslow-esteemandinhumanityobscuringsocialinteractionthathindersrecognition.Inthiscontext,thisarticledefendswhatisexpectedasminorityrecognitionisthepossibilityofself-affirmationasagroupthroughtherealparticipationofminoritymembersinthemajoritygroupofequitableformsfortheestablishmentofparticipatorygovernanceofcivilsocietyintheeffectivenessofpeace.
简介:Duringeccentriccontractions,muscularforceproductioncapacityisenhancedcomparedtoisometriccontractions.Althoughthisiswellacceptedintermsofmusclemechanics,maximalvoluntaryeccentriccontractionsareassociatedwithneuralinhibitionthatpreventsincreasedforceproductionofinvivohumanmuscles.However,becauseitwasshownthatmaximalvoluntaryeccentricforcescanexceedmaximumisometricforcesbyafactorof1.2-1.4,thisreviewfocusesonthequestionofwhethertheabsenteccentricforceenhancement,asobservedinmanystudies,canunambiguouslybeattributedtoaninherentneuralinhibition.First,wedemonstratethatparticipantfamiliarization,preload,andfasciclebehaviorarecrucialfactorsinfluencingmaximalvoluntaryeccentricforceproduction.Second,weshowthatmusclemechanicssuchasmusclelength,lengtheningvelocity,andstretchamplitudeinteractwhenitcomestomaximalvoluntaryeccentricforceproduction.Finally,wediscussthedivergingfindingsonneuralinhibitionduringmaximalvoluntaryeccentriccontractions.Becausetherewasnoinhibitionofthemajormotorpathwaysinthepresenceofenhancedmaximalvoluntaryeccentricforces,furtherresearchisneededtotesttheconceptofneuralinhibitionandtounderstandwhymaximalvoluntaryforceproductionisreducedcomparedtotheforcecapacityofisolatedmusclepreparations.
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