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简介：ThispaperoutlinesthedesgnandprototypingoftheATLASHighLevelTrigger(HLT)wihchisacombinedeffortoftheDataCollectionHLTandPESA(PhysicsandEventSelectionArchitecture)subgroupswithintheATLASTDAQcollaboration.Twoimportantissues,alresdyoutlinedintheATLASHLT,DAQandDCSTechnicalProposal[1]willbehighlighted:thetreatmentoftheLVL2TriggerandEventFilterasaspectsofageneralHLTwithaviewtoeasiermigrationofalgorthmsbetweenthetwolevels;unificationoftheselectivedatacollectionforLVL2andEventBuilding.

简介：WithintheATLASexperimentTrigger/DAQandDCSarebothlogicallyandphysicallyseparated.Neverthelessthereisaneedtocommunicate.TheinitialproblemdefinitionandanalysissuggestedthreesubsystemstheTrigger/DAQDCSCommunication(DDC)projectshouldsupporttheabilityto:1.exchangedatabetweenTrigger/DAQandDCS;2.sendalarmmessagesfromDCStoTrigger/DAQ;3.issuecommandstoDCSfromTrigger/DAQ.Eachsubsystemisdevelopedandimplementedindependentlyusingacommonsoftwareinfrastructure.AmongthevarioussubsystemsoftheATLASTrigger/DAQtheOnlineisresponsibleforthecontrolandconfiguration.Itistheglueconnectingthedifferentsystemssuchasdataflow.level1andhigh-leveltriggers.TheDDCusesthevariousOnlinecomponentsasaninterfacepointontheTrigger/DAQsidewiththePVSSIISCADAsystemontheDCSsideandaddressesissuessuchaspartitioning,timestamps,eventnumbers,hierarchy,authorizationandsecurity,PVSSIIisacommercialproductchosenbyCERNtobetheSCADAsystemforallLHCexperiments,ItsAPIprovidesfullaccesstoitsdatabase,whichissufficienttoimplementthe3subsystemsoftheDDCsoftware,TheDDCprojectadoptedtheOnlineSoftwareProcess,whichrecommendsabasicsoftwarelife-cycle:problemstatement,analysis,design,implementationandtesting.Eachphaseresultsinacorrespondingdocumentorinthecaseoftheimplementationandtesting,apieceofcode,InspectionandreviewtakeamajorroleintheOnlinesoftwareprocess,TheDDCdocumentshavebeeninspectedtodetectflawsandresultedinaimprovedquality.AfirstprototypeoftheDDCisreadyandforeseentobeusedatthetest-beamduringsummer2001.

简介：TheALICEexperiment[1]attheLargeHadronCollider(LHC)atCERNwilldetectupto20,000particlesinasinglePb-Pbeventresultinginadatarateof-75MByte/event,Theeventrateislimitedbythebandwidthofthedatastoragesystem.Higherratesarepossiblebyselectinginterestingeventsandsubevents(HighLeveltrigger)orcompressingthedataefficientlywithmodelingtechniques.Bothrequireafastparallelpatternrecognition.OnepossiblesolutiontoprocessthedetectordataatsuchratesisafarmofclusteredSMPnodes,basedonoff-the-shelfPCs,andconnectedbyahighbandwidt,lowlatencynetwork.

简介：ThisarticledesribesthepreliminarydesignofthetriggersystemfortheupdatingbeijingSpectrometeratBeijingElectronPstironCollider,including,backgroundsstudy,eventestimation,newtechniqueslikepilelinetobeusedinthetrigger,andtheprincipleandconsiderationinthetriggerdesign.

简介：TheALICETriggerandDataAcquisition(TRG/DAQ)Systemisrequiredtosupportanaggregateeventbuildingbandwidthofupto4GByte/sandastoragecapabilityofupto1.25GByte/stomassstorage.Thesystemhasbeendecomposedinasetofhardwareandsoftwarecomponentsandprototypesofthesecomponentsarebeingdeveloped.Itisnecessarytoveritythesystemdesign,itscapabilitytoreachtheexpectedbehaviorandthetargetperformances,discoverpossiblebottlenecksandwaystocorrectforthem,andexplorealternativealgorithmsandnewarchitectures.ToachievethisthecompleteTRG/DAQsystemhasbeenformallyspecified.andtheverificationoftheexpectedbehaviorhasbeenperformedthroughtheexecutionofthespecification,Twotoolswereusedforthis.Foresight,andPtolemy.

简介：TheCMSregionalcalorimetertriggersystemdetectssignaturesofelectrons/photons,taus,jets,andmissingandtotaltransverseenergyinadeadtinmesspipelinedarchitecture.Thissystemreceives7000calorimetertreggertowerenergieson1.2Gbanddigitalcoppercableseriallinksandprocessestheminalow-latencypipelineddesignusingcustom-builtelectronics.AttheheartofthesystemistheReceiverCardwhichusesthenewgenerationofgigabitethernetreceiverchipsonamezzaninecardtoconvertserialdatatoparalleldatabeforetransmissionona160MHzbackplaneforfurtherprocessingbycardsthatsumenergiesandidentifyelectronsandjets.Wedescribethealgorithmsandhardwareimplementation,andsummarizethesimulationresultsthatshowthatthissystemiscapableofhandlingtheraterequirementswhiletriggeringonphysicssignalswithhighefficiency.

简介：一系列随机的共聚物(PCLA)被D，L减水乳酸(LA)和-caprolactone(CL)的戒指洞聚合与不同臼齿的比率综合。PCLA基于聚氨酯(PCLAU)被获得由有hexamethylenediisocyanate(HDI)的PCLA和polytetramethylene醚(PTMEG)扩大链。所有PCLAU超过98%与高形状固定性比率展出好形状记忆性质，在第一的超过82%的形状恢复比率骑车，91%在第二骑车。有更少的CL内容的PCLAU证明有更多的CL内容的更快的恢复速度和PCLAU显示出更高的形状恢复比率。扳机温度能被以CL调整LA的臼齿的比率在身体温度附近调节或控制。PCLAU有潜在的应用在植入生物医学的设备，特别为最低限度地侵略的可部署的设备。

简介：TheANTAREScollaborationisbuildingadeepunderwaterneutrinotelescopetobeimmersedintheMediterraneanSea40kmofftheFrenchcoast.ThisdetectorwillbeabletodetecttheCherenkovlightemittedbymuonsproducedinneutrinointeractionsusingathree-dimensionalmatrixofopticalsensors,Thetelescopewillbemadeofnearly1000oftheseelementaryunitsdistributedoverawideareaofabout0.1km2atanaveragedepthof2400mInordertoreachasub-nanosecondresolutiononlighpulsedetection,signalsfromallOMsareanalyzedanddigitizedlocallybeforebeingsenttoshorethrougha50kmelectro-opticalcable,Front-endelectronics,timealignment(clockdistribution),TriggeringanddataacquistitionforsuchalargeandremotedetectorrepresentarealhallengeandrequiredconsiderableR&Dstudies,Thetechnicalsolutionsadoptedbythecollaborationwillbedescribedandtheirperformancesdiscussed.

简介：Resistance-to-time变换器总是为数字温度测量被使用。基于的一个重设集合(RS)扳机，松驰振荡器基于温度测量电路，它被用来为以后的处理把电热调节器传感器的变化变换成一个频率信号，在这篇文章被介绍了。RS扳机，改变metal-oxide-semiconductor(瞬间)晶体管获得与不同逻辑转变阀值电压设计的二inverters镇静，在松驰振荡器有象Schmitt扳机的一样的功能。RS扳机的优点基于Schmitt扳机是供应电压，薄片温度，和过程变化减少依赖。这个温度测量电路在能测量温度到精确性的一个临床的温度计薄片被使用了比0.05fect好吗？？

简介：TheFermilabCKM(E921)experimentstudiesararekaondecaywhichhasaverysmallbranchingratioandcanbeveryhardtoseparatefrombackgroundprocesses.AtriggerandDAQsystemisrequiredtocollectoallnecessaryunformationforbackgroundrejectionandtomaintainhighreliabilityathighbeamrate.Theuniquechallengeshaveemphasizedthefollowingguidingconcepts:(1)Collectingbackgroundisasimportantascollectinggoodevents.(2)ADAQ"event"shouldnotbejusta"snapshot"ofthedetector.Itshouldbeashorthistoryrecordofthedetectoraroundthecandidateevent.Thehithistoryprovidesinformationtounderstandtemporarydetectorblindness,whichisextremelyimportanttotheCKMexperiment.(3)Themainpurposeofthetriggersystemshouldnotbe"knockingdowntriggerrate"or"throwingoutgarbageevents".Instead,itshouldclassifytheeventsandselectappropriatedatacollectingstraegiesamongvariouspredefinedonesforthegiventypesoftheevents.Thefollowingmethodologiesareepmployedinthearchitecturetofulfilltheexperimentrequirementswithoutconfrontingunnecessarytechnicaldifficulties.(1)Continuousdigitizationnearthedetectorelementsisutilizedtopreservethedataquality.(2)Theconceptofminimumsynchronizationisadoptedtoeliminatetheneedsoftimematchingsignalpaths.(3)Agloballevel1triggerperformscoincidentandvetofunctionsusingdigitaltiminginformationtoavoidproblemsduetosignaldegradinginlongcalbes.(4)TheDAQlogicallowstocollectchroniclerecordsaroundtheinterestingeventswithdifferentlevelsofdetailofADCinformation,sothatverylowenergyparticlesinthevetosystemscanbebestdetected.(5)Are-programmablehardwaretrigger(L2.5)andasoftwaretrigger(L3)sittingintheDAQstreamareplannedtoperformdataselectionfunctioinsbasedonfulldetectordatawithadjustability.

简介：Atriggerdeviceandatriggeredpseudosparkswitch(TPSS)weredesignedbasedonsurfaceflashovertechnology,inordertomeettherequirementsfrompresentpulsepowertechnol-ogyandpulsecurrenttesttechnologysuchasalonglifetime,reliabilityinawidevoltagerange,ashortdelaytime,aswellassmalldelayjitters.Thetriggerdevicesweremadefromdifferentdielectricmaterials,withtheirpermittivitiesfromtenstothousands.ThetriggercharacteristicsofTPSSwereinvestigated.Theresultsindicatethatthehigh-dielectrictriggerdeviceshowsbetterperformanceandhigheremittedchargeoftheelectronemissionwithinalladjustedparametersincludingthegaspressureandappliedvoltage.Forthedielectricmaterialwithrelativepermittiv-ityε_rof3460,whenthegaspressureis7Pa,thehold-offvoltageofTPSSis28kV,theminimumtriggerswitchvoltagedropsto128V,theminimumdischargingdelaytimeanddelayjitterarelessthan35nsand6ns,respectively,andthereliableoperationcanbereachedwithinaverylargerangeofchargingvoltage,between0.46%and99%ofitsself-breakdownvoltage.

简介：AspresentedatthelastCHEPconference,theBTeVtriggeringanddatacollectionposeasignificantchallengeinconstructionandoperation,generating1.5Terabytes/secondofrawdatafromover30milliondetectorchannels.WereportonfacetsoftheDAQandtriggerfarms.WereportonthecurrentdesignoftheDAQ,especiallyitspartitioningfeaturestosupportcommissioningofthedetector.Weareexploringcollaborationswithcomputersciencegroupsexperiencedinfaulttolerantanddynamicreal-timeandembeddedsystemstodevelopasystemtoprovidetheextremeflexibilityandhighavailabilityrequiredoftheheterogeneoustriggerfarm(-tenthousandDSPsandcommodityprocessors).Wedescribedirectionsinthefollowingareas:systemmodelingandanalysisusingtheModelIntegratedComputingapproachtoassistinthecreationofdomain-specificmodeling,analysis,andprogramsynthesisenvironmentsforbuildingcomplex,large-scalecomputer-basedsystems;SystemConfigurationManagementtoincludecompileabledesignspecificationsforconfigurablehardwarecomponents,schedules,andcommunicationmaps.RuntimeEnvironmentandHierarchicalFaultDetection/Management-asystem-wideinfrastructureforrapidlydetecting,isolating,filtering,andreportingfaultswhichwillbeencapsulatedinintelligentactiveentites(agents)torunonDSPs,L2/3processors,andothersupportingprocessorsthroughoutthesystem.

简介：Cerenkovwakeamplificationcanbeusedasanacceleratingscheme,inwhichatriggerbunchofelectronspropagatinginsideacylindricalwaveguidefilledwithanactivemediumgeneratesaninitialwakefield.Duetothemultiplereflectionsinsidethewaveguide,thewakemaybeamplifiedsignificantlymorestronglythanwhenpropagatinginaboundlessmedium.Sufficientlyfarawayfromthetriggerbunchthewake,whichtravelswiththesamephasevelocityasthebunch,reachessaturationanditcanaccelerateasecondbunchofelectronstrailingbehind.ForaCO2gasmixtureournumericalandanalyticalcalculationsindicatethatashortsaturationlengthandahighgradientcanbeachievedwithalargewaveguideradiusfilledwithahighdensityofexcitedatomsandatriggerbunchthattravelsatavelocityslightlyabovetheCerenkovvelocity.Toobtainastablelevelofsaturatedwakethatwillbesuitableforparticleacceleration,itiscrucialtosatisfythesingle-moderesonancecondition,whichrequireshighaccuracyinthewaveguideradiusandtheratiobetweentheelectronphasevelocityandtheCerenkovvelocity.Forsingle-modepropagationourmodelindicatesthatitisfeasibletoobtaingradientsashighasGVm-1inawaveguidelengthofcm.

简介：Theapplicationoflaserpulseswithpsecorshorterdurationenablesnonthermalefficientultrahighaccelerationofplasmablockswithhomogeneoushighionenergiesexceedingioncurrentdensitiesof1012Acm-2.Theeffectsofultrahighaccelerationofplasmablockswithhighenergyprotonbeamsareproposedformuonproductioninacompactmagneticfusiondevice.Theproposednewschemeconsistsofanignitionfusionsparkbymuoncatalyzedfusion（μCF）inasmallmirror-likeconfigurationwherelowtemperatureD–Tplasmaistrappedforadurationof1μs.Thisinitialfusionsparkproducessufficientalphaheatinginordertoinitiatethefusionprocessinthemaindevice.Theuseofamulti-fluidglobalparticleandenergybalancecodeallowsustofollowthetemporalevolutionofthereactionrateofthefusionprocessinthedevice.RecentprogressontheICANandIZESTprojectsforhighefficienthighpowerandhighrepetitionratelasersystemsallowsdevelopmentoftheproposeddeviceforcleanenergyproduction.Withtheproposedapproaches,experimentsonfusionnuclearreactionsandμCFprocesscanbeperformedinmagnetizedplasmasinexistingkJ/PWlaserfacilitiesastheGEKKO-LFEX,thePETALandtheORIONorinthenearfuturelaserfacilitiesastheELI-NPRomanianpillar.

简介：Anewrectangularpulsetriggergeneratorhasbeendevelopedwhichcangeneratetwo10kVpulseswitharisetimelessthan1ns,ajitterof0.2nsandawidthofabout10nsand40ns,respectively.Thisgeneratorusestwopolymer-foilswitchesand25ohmBlumleintransmissionlinescomposedoftwo-parallelstandardcoaxialcablesdischargingintotwo50ohmoutputcables.Thepulsewidthandthedelaybetweentwopulsescanbeadjustedbychangingthelengthofthecables.