简介：一个全球海洋碳周期模型基于海洋将军发行量模型流行音乐和改进biogeochemical模型，OCMIP-2被采用在历史上观察的大气的CO2集中和不同未来情形(叫的代表性的集中小径，或RCP)下面模仿碳周期过程。在这份报纸的RCP为第五份评价报告(AR5)在气候变化(IPCC)上跟随Intergovernmental面板的设计。模型结果证明海洋从空气吸收CO2，被吸收将在四RCP下面在第21世纪继续。由空至海的CO2流动在历史的时间期间增加了并且到达的网1.87Pg/a(由碳计算了)在2005；然而，它将在第21世纪到达山峰然后减少。海洋主要专心于CO2中间的纬度，并且在赤道区域释放CO2。然而，在南极围绕天极的水流(ACC)区域，海洋将在升起的CO2集中下面从来源改变到水池，包括RCP4.5，RCP6.0，和RCP8.5。在2100，人为的碳将被搬运到40摥漠敶?桴?湥楴敲礠慥?獩爠畯桧祬?呼??湡?桴?潲敬漠???獩琠敨猠慭汬獥t

简介：Asimplethree-dimensionaltidalmodelisusedtoexaminetheM2tidalcurrentdistributioninanortheasternpartoftheEastChinaSea,especiallytheverticalvariationofthecurrentintheregion.ComputedM2currentiscomparedwithobservationsavailableandfoundtobeingoodagreement.Mainfeaturesofthecalculatingmethodinthisstudyare:(1)Verticalvariationofthetidalcurrentistakenasafunetionofthedepth-meanvelocity:(2)themethodisapplicabletoavarietyoftheverticaleddyviscosities;(3)ithasafineverticalresolution,especiallyneartheseabootom.So,thismethodnotonlyenablesustogetasteadystatesolutioneasilybutalsodepictseffectsofthefrictionontheverticalvariationofthecurrentmuchbetter.

简介：Althoughtheannualglobalsea-airCO2fluxhasbeenestimatedextensivelywithvariouswind-dependent-kparameterizations,uncertaintystillexistsintheestimates.Thesea-state-dependent-kparameterizationisexpectedtoimprovetheuncertaintyexistingintheseestimates.Inthepresentstudy,theannualglobalsea-airCO2fluxisestimatedwiththesea-state-dependent-kparameterizationproposedbyWoolf(2005),usingNOAA/NCEPreanalysiswindspeedandhindcastwavedatafrom1998to2006,andanewestimate,-2.18GtCyear-1,isobtained,whichiscomparablewithpreviousestimateswithbiochemicalmethods.Itisinterestingtonotethattheaveragedvalueofpreviousestimateswithvariouswind-dependent-kparameterizationsisalmostidenticaltothatofpreviousestimateswithbiochemicalmethodsbyvariousauthors,andthatthenewestimateisquiteconsistentwiththeseaveragedestimates.

简介：Thetyphoon,asamaturetropicalcyclonethatdevelopsinthewesternpartoftheNorthPacificOceanwithhighwindspeedandheavyrainfall,isoneofthemostlethalandcostlyofnaturaldisastersforthedenselypopulatedcountriesofEastAsia.Itcanbeeasilydetectedbyspace-bornesensorsoperatedatmicrowave,visibleorinfraredbands(Liuetal.,2014).SyntheticApertureRadar(SAR)is

简介：景观地图landscapemap表示地表多种自然地理要素的空间分布和规律的综合地图.环境地图environmentalmap反映自然环境、人类活动对自然环境的影响和环境对人类的危害及环境治理等内容的地图.

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简介：TheeffectsofBacillussubtilis2-1fromtheintestineofhealthyseacucumberonthegrowth,digestiveenzymeactivitiesandintestinalmicrobiotaofjuvenileseacucumber(Apostichopusjaponicus)weredeterminedinthepresentstudy.SeacucumberwasfedwithSargassumthunbergiipowdersupplementedwithB.subtilis2-1atdifferentconcentrationsvaryingamong0(control),105,107,and109CFUg-1for8weeks.ResultsshowedthatthegrowthperformanceandintestinalamylaseandtrypsinactivitiesweresignificantlyincreasedbydietaryB.subtilis2-1at109CFUg?1(P<0.05).However,dietaryB.subtilis2-1hadnosignificantinfluenceonthelipaseactivityinseacucumber(P>0.05).Thepolymerasechainreactiondenaturinggradientgelelectrophoresisand16SrRNAgenesequencinganalysisindicatedthatdietaryB.subtilis2-1at105and107CFUg-1inhibitedmostoftheProteobacteriaincludingthoseingenusVibrio.DietaryB.subtilis2-1at109CFUg-1notonlydecreasedtheabundanceandspeciesofgenusVibrio,butalsoincreasedtheintensityofgeneraPsychrobacterandBacillus.AspecificdosageofdietaryB.subtilis2-1couldincreasethegrowthandmodulatetheintestinalmicrobiotaofseacucumber;thusitmightbeanovelprobioticforkeepingthehealthofseacucumber.

简介：Newsatellite-derivedlatentandsensibleheatfluxesareperformedbyusingWindSatwindspeed,WindSatseasurfacetemperature,theEuropeanCentreforMedium-rangeWeatherForecasting(ECMWF)airhumidity,andECMWFairtemperaturefrom2004to2014.The55mooredbuoysareusedtovalidatethembyusingthe30minand25kmcollocationwindow.Furthermore,theobjectivelyanalyzedair-seaheatfluxes(OAFlux)productsandtheNationalCentersforEnvironmentalPrediction-NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchreanalysis2(NCEP2)productsarealsousedforglobalcomparisons.ThemeanbiasesofsensibleandlatentheatfluxesbetweenWindSatfluxresultsandbuoyfluxdataare–0.39and–8.09W/m~2,respectively.Inaddition,therootmean-square(RMS)errorsofthesensibleandlatentheatfluxesbetweenthemare5.53and24.69W/m~2,respectively.TheRMSerrorsofsensibleandlatentheatfluxesareobservedtograduallyincreasewithanincreasingbuoywindspeed.Thedifferenceshowsdifferentcharacteristicswithanincreasingseasurfacetemperature,airhumidity,andairtemperature.ThezonalaveragelatentfluxeshavesomehighregionswhicharemainlylocatedinthetradewindzoneswherestrongwindscarrydryairinJanuary,andthemaximumvaluecentersarefoundintheeasternwatersofJapanandontheUSeastcoast.Overall,theseasonalvariabilityispronouncedintheIndianOcean,thePacificOcean,andtheAtlanticOcean.Thethreesensibleandlatentheatfluxeshavesimilarlatitudinaldependencies;however,somedifferencesarefoundinsomelocalregions.

简介：Intertidalmarinemacroalgaeexperienceperiodicalexposuresduringlowtideduetotheirzonationaldistribution.ThedurationofsuchemersionleadstodifferentexposuresoftheplantstolightandaerialCO2,whichthenaffectthephysiologyofthemtodifferentextents.TheecophysiologicalresponsestolightandCO2wereinvestigatedduringemersionintworedalgaeGloiopeltisfurcataandGigartinaintermedia,andtwobrownalgaePetaloniafasciaandSargassumhemiphyllum,growingalongtheShantoucoastofChina.Thelight-saturatednetphotosynthesisinG.furcataandP.fasciashowedanincreasefollowedbyslightlydesiccation,whereasthatinG.intermediaandS.hemiphyllumexhibitedacontinuousdecreasewithwaterloss.Inaddition,theupper-zonatedG.furcataandP.fascia,exhibitedhigherphotosynthetictolerancetodesiccationandrequiredhigherlightleveltosaturatetheirphotosynthesisthanthelower-zonatedG.intermediaandS.hemiphyllum.Desiccationhadlesseffectondarkrespirationinthesefouralgaecomparedwithphotosynthesis.Thelight-saturatednetphotosynthesisincreasedwithincreasedCO2concentrations,beingsaturatedatCO2concentrationshigherthanthepresentatmosphericlevelinG.furcata,G.intermediaandS.hemiphyllumduringemersion.ItwasevidentthattherelativeenhancementofphotosynthesisbyelevatedCO2inthosethreealgaeincreased,thoughtheabsolutevaluesofphotosyntheticenhancementowingtoCO2increasewerereducedwhenthedesiccationstatusesbecamemoresevere.However,inthecaseofdesiccatedP.fascia(waterlossbeinggreaterthan20%),lightsaturatednetphotosynthesiswassaturatedwithcurrentambientatmosphericCO2level.ItisproposedthatincreasingatmosphericCO2willenhancethedailyphotosyntheticproductioninintertidalmacroalgaebyvariedextentsthatwererelatedtothespeciesandzonation.

简介：《海洋环境保护法》第89条第2款本身并非关于诉讼的直接规定,该款规定的内容也不符合民事公益诉讼的内涵特征,将该款解释为关于海洋环境民事公益诉讼的规定不利于我国立法内部的横向协调。我国司法实践总体上也不认可《海洋环境保护法》第89条第2款规定的内容属于海洋环境民事公益诉讼。《海洋环境保护法》第89条第2款应是关于损害赔偿请求权的特别规定,不是我国海洋环境民事公益诉讼的法律依据,相应的法律依据应是《环境保护法》第58条、《民事诉讼法》第55条以及相关司法解释。