简介:ThepresentstudyinvestigatesthechangesinTEC(totalelectroncontent)andionosphericscintillationindex(S4)inferredfromtheGNSSdatarecordedattheSCINDAstationofAbidjan(Latitude=5.34°N,Longitude=3.90°W)duringandafterasolarflare.Inthecourseof2014,ayearofhighsolaractivity,three(3)casesofextreme(X1.66)andmoderate(M6.23andM2.13)solarflaresrecordedinthemonthsofSeptemberandDecembereffectsontheionospherehavebeenstudiedusingtheXrayfluxes,themagneticparameters(Vx,Bz,Dst),theionosphericscintillationindexS4andTECanditsROT(timerateofchange).TheROTexhibitsaprominentpeakbetweenten(10)andtwelve(12)minutesaftertheoccurrenceofthemaximumpeakofthetimerateofchangeoftheX-rayfluxemittedduringtheflare.TheROTmaximumvalueoccurssimultaneouslywithanenhancementoftheS4index.DeferredperturbationsofthesolarflareontheTECintheSCINDAstationofAbidjanoccurwithin42to54hoursafteranM-classsolarflareandwithin46to58hoursfollowinganX-Classsolarflare.Themagneticstormsresultedfromtheseflaresshowanincrementof20%onVTECobservedwhencomparedtotheaverageVTEC()computedfromthemostfive(5)quietestdaysoftheselectedmonths.
简介:ThehybridsensitizerrhodamineBandcoumarinoreosinandcoumarinisusedtosensitizenanocrystallineporousfilms.Absorptionofthenanocrystallinephotovoltaiccell(NPC)isimprovedinvisiblelight.TheperformanceofthesecellsismoreeffectivethanthatofcellssensitizedonlybysensitizerrhodamineBoreosin.Inthesimulativesolarlight,cellsensitizedbyhybridsensitizerrhodamineBandcoumarincangetopencircuitvoltage(VOC)of550mVandshortcircuitcurrent(ISC)of0.1375mA/cm2.
简介:AseriesofsamplesdepositedbyVHF-PECVDatdifferentpressureswerestudied.Themeasurementresultsofphotosensitivity(photoconductivity/darkconductivity)andactivationenergyindicatednearthesamerulewiththechangeofthepressure.TheresultsmeasuredbyRamanscatteringspectra,X-raydiffractionandFTIRallprovedtheevidentcrystallizationofthematerials.Treatingthep/iinterfacebyhydrogenhasagreatimprovingeffectontheperformanceofthemicrocrystallinesilicon(μc-Si)p-i-nsolarcellsifthetreatmenttimewasappropriate.Anefficiencyof4.24%forμc-Sip-i-nsolarcellsdepositedbyVHF-PECVDwasfirstlyobtained.
简介:Anon-axisholographiczoneplateoranoff-axisholographiczoneplateusedforthesiliconsolarcellwillhaveasolarenergyconversionfactorof2.5.Andthecombinationofthetwoplateswillhaveitsconversionfacftorof5.Especiallyfortheuseofsilverhalidephotographicemulsion,thecostcanbecutdowndramatically.
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简介:Arepeatedinterdiffusionmethodisdescribedforphase-stableandhigh-quality(FA,MA)PbI_3film.Thecrystallizationandgrowthoftheperovskitefilmscanbewellcontrolledbyadjustingthereactantconcentrations.Withthismethod,dense,smoothperovskitefilmswithlargecrystalshavebeenobtained.Finally,aPCEof16.5%aswellasasteady-stateefficiencyof16.3%isachievedintheplanarperovskitesolarcell.
简介:小分子有铟听氧化物(ITO)的结构的器官的太阳能电池(振荡)/molybdenum三氧化物(MoO3)(5nm)/rubrene(nm)/fullerene(C70)(ynm)/2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline(BCP)(6nm)/aluminum(艾尔)(150nm)被制作。为设备的活跃的层的厚度在细节被调查。结果证明rubrene层和C70层的最佳厚度分别地是30nm和25nm。设备的降级也被调查。,结果显示开电路的电压(Voc)不变化电线走火电流密度(Jsc),用时间连续地填满因素(FF)和功率变换效率(PCE)减少。降级能在周围的扩散并且渗透到活跃材料并且在房间与C70反应被归因于氧,它能导致界面的系列电阻的增加。
简介:Comparativeexperimentswithandwithoutthediurnalchangeofsolarradiationaremadeinthispaperbyuseofanair-seacoupled7-layerprimitiveequationmodelingsysteminazonaldomainbetween60°Sand60°N.Theresultsshowthatthequasi-stationarypatternsofthemeanmonsooncirculationsarenotevidentlyaffectedbythediurnalchangeofsolarradiation.Themaininfluencesmaycomefromtheland-seadistributionandtheorography.However,theinclusionofthediurnalchangeofsolarradiationintothemodelsystemmayimprovetheintensitiesofthesimulatedmonsooncirculationsbothatthehighandthelowlevels.Itcaninfluencethedistributivepatternofprecipitationtoalargerextent.Withoutthediurnalchange,precipitationintheinterioroflandwoulddecreaseandinthecoastalregionsitwouldincrease.Thechangesofthesoiltemperatureandthesoilmoisturearefairlycorrespondenttothatofprecipitation.Theareaswithincreasingprecipitationandtheareaswithdecreasingprecipitationaredistributedinthewaveform.Astotheinfluencesonthemonsoondevelopment,theresultsindicatethatthediurnalchangeofsolarradiationcanspeedupthedevelopmentofthemonsoonintheearlystage.Therefore,theinclusionofthediurnalchangeofsolarradiationcanmakethemodelequilibriumstatetoreachearlier.
简介:全球太阳的放射(GSR)是全球精力的最直接的来源和形式,并且它的数量的计算由于本地地形学和地面的影响是高度复杂的内部防护。数字举起模型(DEM)数据作为复杂地面和复合状况的一个代表生产一系列地志的因素(例如斜坡,方面,等等)。基于1个km决定DEM数据,气象学的观察和NOAA-AVHRR遥感数据,为在在长江盆以内的崎岖地面上的GSR的计算的一个分布式的模型被开发了。贯穿的模型为崎岖地形学允许天体的太阳的放射的计算并且包括一个分布式的直接太阳的放射模型,一个分布式的弥漫的放射模特儿和分布式的地面反射放射当模特儿。用发达模型,GSR空间分发和可视化的量的模拟被承担了,与随后关于地区和地面分析的结果。分析建议那GSR大小季节地被影响,当影响的度被发现与增加高度在同时发生增加时。而且,GSR大小关于主导的本地方面展出了清楚的空间变化;与阳光充足的南部的斜坡联系的GSR价值比与遮的斜坡联系的那些显著地大。错误分析显示12.983MJm的一个吝啬的绝对错误2和3.608%的一个吝啬的相对错误,当结果基于一个地点认证过程显示22.621MJm的一个绝对错误时2和4.626%的一个相对错误。
简介:Inthispaper,wereportahigh-performanceP3HT/PCBMbulk-heterojunctionsolarcellwithapowerconversionefficiencyof4.85%fabricatedbyadjustingthepolymercrystallinityandnanoscalephaseseparationusinganultrasonicirradiationmixingapproachforthepolymer.ThegrazingincidenceX-raydiffraction,UV/Visspectroscopic,andatomicforcemicroscopicmeasurementresultsfortheP3HT/PCBMblendfilmsrevealthattheP3HT/PCBMfilmfabricatedbyultrasonicirradiationmixingoftheP3HTandPCBMsolutionsfor10minhasahigherdegreeofcrystallinity,ahigherabsorptionefficiency,andbetterphaseseparation,whichtogetheraccountforthehigherchargetransportpropertiesandphotovoltaiccellperformance.
简介:Aseriesofsolarradiationtestsforthepolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)bulkandfilmsampleswerecarriedoutusingQ-SUNXE-3-HSCtypeSolarRadiationSimulator,withthetestparametersasfollows:radiationintensityis1120W/m~2,temperatureis55℃andhumidityis70%RH.Surfacemorphology,compositionandmicrostructureofthePTFEsamplesbeforeandafterradiationtestswerecharacterizedcontrastively.EffectofsolarradiationonthetribologyandwettingpropertiesofPTFEwerealsostudiedbytribometerandcontactangletester,respectively.Theresultsshowthat,forradiatedPTFE,surfaceroughness,therelativecontentofCelement,thefrictioncoefficientsandthecontactanglewithwaterincreasedinvaryingdegrees.Inconclusion,theobviouschangeinPTFEsamplescanbemainlyattributedtobreakof(CFx)-CbondsafterbombardmentofhighenergyUVphotons,whichcausesthelossofF-richgroups,oxidation,crosslinkingandrestructuringofactiveunsaturatedgroups.
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简介:Thespacecraftwithmultistagesolarpanelshavenonlinearcouplingbetweenattitudesofcentralbodyandsolarpanels,especiallytherotationofcentralbodyisconsideredinspace.Thedynamicsmodelisbasedfordynamicsanalysisandcontrol,andthemultistagesolarpanelsmeansthedynamicsmodelingwillbeverycomplex.Inthisresearch,theLiegroupvariationalintegratormethodisintroduced,andthedynamicsmodelofspacecraftwithsolarpanelsthatconnectstogetherbyflexiblejointsisbuilt.Themostobviouscharacterofthismethodisthattheattitudesofcentralbodyandsolarpanelsarealldescribedbythree-dimensionalattitudematrix.Thedynamicsmodelsofspacecraftwithoneandthreesolarpanelsareestablishedandsimulated.ThestudyshowsLiegroupvariationalintegratormethodavoidsparameterscouplingandeffectivelyreducesdifficultyofmodeling.TheobtainedcontinuousdynamicsmodelbasedonLiegroupisasetofordinarydifferentialequationsandequivalentwithtraditionaldynamicsmodelthatoffersabasisforthegeometrycontrol.
简介:TheanalysisofsolarcellperformancehasbeendonebysimulatingtheexternalI-Vcharacteristicsofn^+/p/p^+singlecrystalsiliconsolarcellunderhighlightintensityand1.5airmass(AM).Thismethodallowsthemaximizationofsolarcellefficiency.Tofabricatelow-costn^+/p/p^+singlecrystalsiliconsolarcells,solidsourceofdopedphosphorousandboronwasused.