广东省博罗县华侨中学 516100
摘要:
语法填空虽然在高考中所占分值不高,但是历年来并没有被删减掉,可见语法填空所考察的语言知识运用情况是大家都肯定的。本文旨在结合多年的高考真题,分析语法填空的基本命题特点,归纳出13个必考、常考考点的解题策略。
关键词:语法填空,解题策略
现在新高考英语语法填空主要考查学生两方面的能力:词汇和语法。在新课标的要求下,英语的学习当中最基础也是最重要的是词汇和语法。因此,在平时的教学与试卷评讲当中,要让学生更注重三方面的基本功:词汇积累,基本语法理解,长难句的句子结构成分的分析。
本人仔细查阅并研究总结了2013年到2020年全国卷1.2.3卷和新高考2021、2022及2023年的高考英语语法填空的试题内容,得知高考语法填空的基本命题考点以及命题形式如下:
第一,13个必考、常考考点:
第二, 各年高考题目按照考点归纳分类,总结其考试形式为:三个纯空格,七个含有提示词。
以下我特意针对上面的考点和命题形式,结合真题演练,浅谈对应的解题策略:
一、 语态:被动语态 (动词)
1, 判断主语与该动作(所给的动词)是否是被动关系(即动宾关系);
2, 看句中是否有明显的表被动的标志by。例如:
(1) So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I (allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.(2016全国1卷)
(2) When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.(2017全国1卷)
keys:(1)was allowed (2)are removed
二、时态:(动词)
1,看所给出的动词是否在句中做谓语;
2,关注主句或从句中的时间状语,以及并列句中的连词(如and, but, or)。例如:
(1) We _________ (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.(2021全国甲卷)
(2) Since 2011, the country ______(grow) more corn than rice. (2018全国2卷)
keys: (1) hired (2) has grown
三、非谓语:(动词)
判断所给出的动词是否做谓语,若句中有谓语,此动词又不是在并列句或者从句中,即为非谓语。非谓语在考试当中占比较大的分值,我做出以下归纳:
1,动词不定式(to do),一般考试考查其表示目的,表示结果(如only to do, too... to do; 在一些固定的句子结构中,如:a, It +be+形容词+(for sb)+ to do sth; b, It +takes\took+sb+一段时间+ to do sth;
2,动词不定式做宾语的固定用法:
agree\intend\plan\demand\promise\decide\refuse\want\expect\pretend\manage\
determine\hesitate\happen+to do sth;
3,动词不定式做宾语补足语的固定用法:
advise\allow\ask\encourage\expect\forbid\force\invite\order\permit\persuade\
prefer\require\request\warn+sb+to do sth;
4,动词不定式做后置定语的固定用法:
a, 被修饰的名词是抽象名词,如:way, ability, chance, opportunity, idea, excuse等;
b, 有the first, the second, the last, the next, the only 等做名词或者它们做形容词来修饰名词或代词时,用动词不定式做定语:
5,动名词(doing功能相当于名词):做主语(在一些固定的句子结构中),或者做宾语,一般为介词+doing,动词+doing:
6,现在分词:做前置或者后置定语,做宾语补足语,做表语,做状语。表达主动或者进行(与其逻辑主语是主动关系)。
7,过去分词:做前置或者后置定语,做宾语补足语,做表语,做状语。表达被动或者完成(与其逻辑主语是被动关系)。
注意:a,形容事物的现在分词(意为令人......的)与说明人的心理状态的过去分词(感到......的);b,动名词还要判断是否用其被动关系,即being done。例如:
(1)To eat one, you have to decide whether _____ (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling...(2023全国1卷)
(2)Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your ____(ache) legs.(2021全国1卷)
(3)A study of travelers ______ (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.(2015全国1卷)
Keys:(1) to bite (2) aching (3) conducted
四、代词:
1,熟悉各人称代词的主格、宾格,形容词性物主代词,名词性物主代词和反身代词。
2,常用的一些搭配:one...the other...; some...others...; some... the others...
注意:代词的考查主要是给出某一个人称代词的主格,要求填它的恰当形式,其中考查代词it的用法最多,因此在平时的教学中要注重其各种形式的记忆以及固定搭配。例如:
(1)On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ___ (it) mother. (2016全国1卷)
(2) When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ______ (they) alive.(2018全国3卷)
Keys:(1) its (2) them
五、冠词:(纯空格)
1,a\an:表示泛指;表示某一个;
2,a与an的区别:a, 判断其后面第一个单词的首字母是否发元音音素,若第一个字母不发音,即看第二个如:honor, hour等;b, 有些阿拉伯数字如:8,18等。
3,the,特指,表示世上独一无二的事物或者大家都知道的事物;一般来说文章第二次出现或提到的事物。
4,固定搭配中的冠词积累。例如:
(1) Covering an area about three times ____ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.(2022全国1卷)
(2) While you are in China, Mount Huangshan is _____ must to visit! (2021全国1卷)
Keys:(1) the (2) a
六、连词:(纯空格)
1,and,表并列;or表选择;but表转折;if与when引导的状语从句;
2,固定的搭配:
neither... nor...既不......也不; either... or...要么......要么; whether... or...无论......还是。例如:
(1) Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure _____ offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.(2021全国1卷)
(2) But river wasn’t changed in a few days_____ even a few months.(2014全国1卷)
keys:(1) and (2) or
七、介词:(纯空格)
1,平时学习过程中注意积累那些含有介词的动词短语,be动词+形容词+介词的固定搭配;
2,记住表时间、地点的一些固定的介词搭配。例如:
(1) Bamboo plants are associated _____health, abundance and a happy home. (2020全国2卷)
(2) For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away ____ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.(2015全国1卷)
keys:(1) with (2) by
八、定语从句:(纯空格)
1,判断是否是定语从句;
2,判断定语从句中所缺的成份(即纯空格中要填进去的引导词做什么成份);判断先行词的所指。
限制性定语从句:
a, 先行词指人,缺主语用who或者that(注意先行词若是代词those或者he用who);缺宾语用that或whom;缺定语用whose(所属关系);
b, 先行词指物,缺主语、宾语用that或者which(注意只用that的情况);缺定语用whose(所属关系);缺状语,先行词是时间用when;是地点用where;是原因用why。
非限制性定语从句:
a, 若有先行词,且指人用who;若有先行词,且指物缺主语、宾语用which;先行词指物缺定语用whose; 先行词指物缺状语:地点用when; 时间用where。
b, 若指前面整句话,用which。
c, 常用where的一些特殊的先行词:case, situation, stage, position, play, activity。
3, 关注并熟悉介词+关系代词(指人whom,指物which)的定语从句。例如:
(1) Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ____ is not good for the health.(2017全国1卷)
(2) In ancient China lived an artist ______ paintings were almost lifelike.(2020全国3卷)
keys:(1) which (2) whose
九、名词性从句:(纯空格)
1,判断是否名词性从句: 主语从句,宾语从句(重点),表语从句,同位语从句;
2,判断引导词在从句中的成份:
a, 指物,缺主语或宾语用what;指人,缺主语用who; 缺宾语用whom、who;
b, 从句中缺状语:时间用when; 地点用where; 原因用why; 方式用how;
c, 引导词在从句中不充当任何成份,没有意思,没有疑问用that;
d, 引导词在从句中不充当任何成份,有意思,有疑问用whether(居多)\if;
e, 注意:同位语从句中的抽象名词,常见:fact, idea, news, opinion, thought, truth, hope, problem, belief, evidence, information, doubt, promise, question等。例如:
(1) While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence _______ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far as James Bay in Canada. (2019全国1卷)
(2) ____ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. (2021全国1卷)keys:(1) that (2) What
十、词性转换:(名词、形容词、动词)
1,名词与形容词之间的转换:
a, a\an\the+形容词+名词;b, a\an\the+形容词+名词;c, 形容词性物主代词+形容词+名词;d, 形容词性物主代词+形容词+名词;e, 形容词性物主代词+名词;f, be of +形容词+名词
注意:(1)以t结尾的形容词与ce结尾的名词;如:important与importance; different与difference;significant与significance; patient与patience等
(2)名词+ful的形容词:useful; successful; hopeful;
2,名词与动词之间的转换:
以-ment; -tion; -ance; -ty结尾的名词
3,形容词与副词之间的转换:
a, -ful, -ous; -al 结尾的形容词加ly;
b, -ple; -ble; -tle 结尾的形容词,把e改为y;
注意:(1)考试形式,一般是放在句首,与主句有逗号隔开;修饰句中的谓语动词或形容词;
(2)辅音+e结尾的形容词不需要去e,再加ly; 但true--truly除外
4,动词转为名词复数:
常见的有interruptions; introductions; suggestions; invitations; celebrations; attractions; questions; preparations; requirements; complaints; differences; difficulties等。例如:
(1) The title will be ________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London. (2016全国1卷)
(2) Running is cheap, easy and it’s always ________ (energy). (2018全国2卷)
keys:(1) officially (2) energetic
十一、名词复数:(名词)
1,注意所给出的名词前面的数词与数量词,如:several; some; these; those; many; a number of; a series of等;
2,注意所给出的名词若是做主语时,句中的谓语动词是否为复数;
3,注意名词的变化规则是加s还是加es; 还有特殊的名词复数(不规则变化)。例如:
(1)The rolling sea of clouds you can see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we _____ (human) are. (2021全国1卷)
(2) ______ (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment. (2021乙卷)
keys:(1) humans (2) Activities
十二、be的恰当形式:
1,时态;2,单复数;3,非谓语形式。例如:
(1)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ____ (be) often acceptable. (2016全国2卷)
(2) One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about ___________ (be) late for school. (2014全国2卷)
keys:(1) is (2) being
十三、形容词的比较级与最高级:
1,判断句中有没有形容词的比较级标志than...;
2,根据语境判断是否暗含有比较级的意思,形容词前是否有even, a bit, a little等。
3,在句型the +比较级......, the+比较级......中。例如:
(1) Even ______(bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.(2017全国1卷)
(2) One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait done so he called all great artists to come and present their ______ (fine) work, so that he could choose the best. (2020全国3卷)
keys:(1) worse (2) finest
以上就是我对全国卷英语高考试题中语法填空的一些简单解题策略。当然,还有一些其它的考点。只要我们在平时教学过程中严格要求学生做好词汇的学习,语法知识点的落实,篇章结构以及句子成分结构的正确分析,我们就能做好这个题型。总而言之,考生能理解透彻通篇文章的意思,了解文章的主要时态,掌握老师平时评讲试卷题目的一些技巧,此题就能迎刃而解。
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