简介：Statisticalapproachesforevaluatingcausaleffectsandfordiscoveringcausalnetworksarediscussedinthispaper.Acausalrelationbetweentwovariablesisdifferentfromanassociationorcorrelationbetweenthem.Anassociationmeasurementbetweentwovariablesandmaybechangeddramaticallyfrompositivetonegativebyomittingathirdvariable,whichiscalledYule-Simpsonparadox.WeshalldiscusshowtoevaluatethecausaleffectofatreatmentorexposureonanoutcometoavoidthephenomenaofYule-Simpsonparadox.Surrogatesandintermediatevariablesareoftenusedtoreducemeasurementcostsordurationwhenmeasurementofendpointvariablesisexpensive,inconvenient,infeasibleorunobservableinpractice.Therehavebeenmanycriteriaforsurrogates.However,itispossiblethatforasurrogatesatisfyingthesecriteria,atreatmenthasapositiveeffectonthesurrogate,whichinturnhasapositiveeffectontheoutcome,butthetreatmenthasanegativeeffectontheoutcome,whichiscalledthesurrogateparadox.Weshalldiscusscriteriaforsurrogatestoavoidthephenomenaofthesurrogateparadox.Causalnetworkswhichdescribethecausalrelationshipsamongalargenumberofvariableshavebeenappliedtomanyresearchfields.Itisimportanttodiscoverstructuresofcausalnetworksfromobserveddata.Weproposearecursiveapproachfordiscoveringacausalnetworkinwhichastructurallearningofalargenetworkisdecomposedrecursivelyintolearningofsmallnetworks.Furthertodiscovercausalrelationships,wepresentanactivelearningapproachintermsofexternalinterventionsonsomevariables.Whenwefocusonthecausesofaninterestoutcome,insteadofdiscoveringawholenetwork,weproposealocallearningapproachtodiscoverthesecausesthataffecttheoutcome.

简介：Therecentrapiddevelopmentsintheautomobileindustryhavedemandedtheextensiveuseofgalvannealed(GA)steelsheets.Inparticular,thedevelopmentoflightweightautomobilesisputtingincreasinglyhigherrequirementsonthestrengthofGAsteelsheets.Thegalvannealfurnace,whichisusedforprocessinggalvannealedsteelsheets,istypicallycomposedoftheinductionheatingsection,holdingsectionandfogcoolingsection.Thispaperdescribedthestructuralcharacteristicsofeachcomponentofthegalvannealfurnace,andanalyzedtemperaturecontrolmethodsofthegalvannealfurnacethatareimportantforthesuccessfulproductionofhigh-strengthGAsteelsheetsforautomotiveapplications.

简介：CO2emissionofthesteelindustrytakesupagreatproportionofthetotalemissionoftheworld.ItisnecessarytoreducetheCO2intensityofsteelproductsinordertosaveenergy,protecttheenvironmentandkeepasustainabledevelopmentinthesteelindustry.Basedontheresearchofsteelproducts'lifecycleinventory,thosewhoconductedthisresearchhavefocusedontheanalysisofCO2emissionfactorsandmeasures.Adoptingthelifecycleinventorymodelofacertainsteelmakingsite,togetherwiththeTornadoChart,theresearchershaveidentifiedsignificantfactors,providedsomeexplanation,andsuggestedsomepossiblemeasurestoreduceCO2emission.TheresultshaveshownthatthemostimportantfactorsaretheCO2intensityofblastfurnacegas(BFG),hotmetalratioofbasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)andthematerialutilizationefficiency.Accordingly,somemeasuressuchasremovingCO2inBFG,decreasingthehotmetalproportioninBOF,andimprovematerialutilizationefficiencyineachprocess,maybetakentodecreaseCO2emission.

简介：Inthispaper,aspiralmagneticfieldelectromagneticstirrer,whichcanseparatelyinducetwodifferentmagneticfields,isintroduced.Thecorrespondingcentralmagneticfluxcurvesofthestirrerweremeasuredbytwodif

简介：网状渗碳体的组织结构是影响C86DA帘线钢盘条拉拔断丝的主要原因。为了能够有效的解决成品盘条网状渗碳体的形成概率降低下游客户拉拔断丝频次，本文主要从网状渗碳体的形成原因入手抓住轧钢工序中可控点，在原有工艺的基础上把加热二段温度提高10℃，均热段提高20℃，加热时间保证在120min以上，2#和3#风机增加10％的开度。结果表明，通过关键参数的调整有效地减轻了C86DA网状渗碳体的形成，达到了下游客户的使用要求。