简介：AlatticeBoltzmannnumericalmodelingmethodwasdevelopedtopredictskinconcentrationaftertopicalapplicationofadrugontheskin.ThemethodisbasedonD2Q9latticespacesassociatedwiththeBhatnagar-Gross-Krook(BGK)collisiontermtosolvetheconvection-diffusionequation(CDE).Asimulationwascarriedoutindifferentrangesofthevalueofbound,whichisrelatedtoskincapillaryclearanceandthevolumeofdiffusionduringapercutaneousabsorptionprocess.Whenatypicaldrugisusedontheskin,thevalueofcorrespondstotheamountofdrugabsorbedbythebloodandtheabsorptionofthedrugaddedtotheskin.Theeffectofwasstudiedforwhentheregionofskincontactisalinesegmentontheskinsurface.

简介：Thispaperreviewsourworkonthefundamentalprinciplesofhighgravitycontrolledprecipitation(HGCP)technology,anditsapplicationsintheproductionofdrugnanoparticles,whichwascarriedoutinarotatingpackedbed(RPB).Severalkindsofdrugnanoparticleswithnarrowparticlesizedistributions(PSDs)weresuccessfullypreparedviaHGCP,includingthe300-nmCefuroximeAxetil(CFA)particles,200–400-nmcephradineparticles,500-nmsalbutamolsulfate(SS)particles(100nminwidth),and850-nmbeclomethasonedipropionate(BDP)particles,etc.Comparedtodrugsavailableinthecurrentmarket,allthedrugnanoparticlesproducedbyHGCPexhibitedadvantagesinbothformulationanddrugdelivery,thusimprovingthebioavailabilityofdrugs.HGCPisessentiallyaplatformtechnologyforthepreparationofpoorlywater-solubledrugnanoparticlesfororalandinjectiondelivery,andofinhalabledrugsforpulmonarydelivery.Consequently,HGCPofferspotentialapplicationsinthepharmaceuticalindustryduetoitscost-effectiveness,efficientprocessingandtheeaseofscaling-up.

简介：Thephenomenonofparticleinteractioninvolvedinpulmonarydrugdeliverybelongstoawidevarietyofdisciplinesofparticletechnology,inparticular,fluidization.Thispaperreviewsthebasicconceptsofpulmonarydrugdeliverywithreferencestofluidizationresearch,inparticular,studiesonGeldartgroupCpowders.Drypowderinhalerdevice-formulationcombinationhasbeenshowntobeaneffectivemethodfordeliveringdrugstothelungfortreatmentofasthma,chronicobstructivepulmonarydiseaseandcysticfibrosis.Evenwithadvanceddesigns,however,deliveryefficiencyisstillpoormainlyduetopowderdispersionproblemswhichcausepoorlungdepositionandhighdosevariability.Drugparticlesusedincurrentinhalersmustbe1-5mindiameterforeffectivedepositioninsmall-diameterairwaysandalveoli.Thesepowdersareverycohesive,havepoorflowability,andaredifficulttodisperseintoaerosolduetocohesionarisingfromvanderWaalsattraction.Theseproblemsarewellknowninfluidizationresearch,muchofwhichishighlyrelevanttopulmonarydrugdelivery.

简介：Thehumancardiovascularsystemisaclosedloopandcomplexvascularnetworkwithmulti-scaledheterogeneoushemodynamicphenomena.Here,wegiveaselectivereviewofrecentprogressinmacro-hemodynamicmodeling,withafocusongeometricalmulti-scalemodelingofthevascularnetwork,micro-hemodynamicmodelingofmicrocirculation,aswellasbloodcellular,subcellular,endothelialbiomechanics,andtheirinteractionwitharterialvesselmechanics.Wedescribeindetailthemethodologyofhemodynamicmodelinganditspotentialapplicationsincardiovascularresearchandclinicalpractice.Inaddition,wepresentmajortopicsforfuturestudy:recentprogressofpatient-specifihemodynamicmodelinginclinicalapplications,micro-hemodynamicmodelingincapillariesandbloodcells,andtheimportanceandpotentialofthemulti-scalehemodynamicmodeling.

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简介：Multi-scalestructuresinvolvedinemulsionandmicrospherecomplexsystemsarepresentedanddiscussed.Thestabilityandspatio-temporalstructuresofemulsions,aswellasnano-structuresformedonthesurfaceofmicrospheresafterpolymerization,areaffectedbythemolecularemulsifier/stabilizerstructuresandtheadsorbedemulsifier/stabilizernano-structuresontheoil/waterinterface.Thebroadsizedistributionandvariationofsurfacefeaturesofdropletsareresponsibleforvariationsoftheadsorbedemulsifier/stabilizerstructuresandthestabilityoftheemulsions.Ontheotherhand,preparationofauniformlysizedemulsionandemploymentofacombinedemulsifier/stabilizersystemcanpreservethestabilityoftheemulsionsandmicrospheres.Theabovephenomenashouldbemodeledbyamultiscalemethod,inordertomaintainthestabilityofindividualemulsionsystemsandrealizethedesirednano-structuresofmicrospheresbychoosingadequateemulsifier/stabilizerandexperimentalparameters.

简介：InthispaperanapproximateequationisderivedtodescribesmoothpartsofthestabilityboundaryforlinearHamiltoniansystems,dependingonarbitrarynumberofparameters.Withthisequation,wecanobtainparameterscorrespondingtothestabilityboundary,aswellastothestabilityandinstabilitydomains,pro-videdthatonepointonthestabilityboundaryisknown.Thendifferentialequationsdescribingtheevolutionofeigenvaluesandeigenvectorsalongacurveonthesta-bilityboundarysurfacearederived.Theseequationsalsoallowustoobtaincurvesbelongingtothestabilityboundary.Applicationstolineargyroscopicsystemsareconsideredandstudiedwithexamples.

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简介：Theproblemsofasolitarywavepassingoverrectangularcylindershavebeenanalysed.Thenumericalsimulationisbasedonthefullnonlineartwo-dimensionalNavier-Stokesequationswhicharesolvedbythefinitedifferencemethod.ThefreesurfaceisdealtwithbytheVolumeofFluidmethod(VOF).ResultsforasolitarywavepassingoverasinglecylinderarecomparedwiththeexperimentaldataofSeabra-Santos,PenouardandTempervilleandbetteragreementisobtainedthanthoseobtainedfromthelongwaveequationbasedonthepotentialflowtheory.Resultsarealsogivenfortwocylinderswithdifferentgaps.

简介：BackgroundInresponsetotheevolutionofscienceandtechnologyfromcompartmentalizationtoreunification,thestudyofcomplexsystemsandmulti-scalemethodologyhasreceivedincreasingattentionfromvariousscientificdisciplinesandengineeringfields,somuchsothatcomplexityhassometimesbeencalledthescienceofthe21stcenturywithmulti-scalemethodologyasanaccompanyingchallenge.

简介：Flocculationtimeisconventionallybelievedtobeproportionaltotheflocculationefficiencyofacylindricalfluidizedbedflocculator.However,inasingle-stagevelocitygradientsituation,theflocculationefficiencydecreaseswhentheoptimalflocculationtimeisexceeded.Amulti-stagevelocitygradientwasestablishedinacylindricalfluidizedbedflocculator,basedonthehydraulicclassificationtheory.Thismulti-stagevelocitygradientfluidizedbedflocculator(MGF)createdamoresuitableenvironmentforflocgrowthandprotection,whichwasconfirmedbythesizedistributionofflocsalongthebedheight.Correspondingly,theabatementefficienciesforKaolinslurryanddyedwastewatertreatmentintheMGFwereenhancedby5-10%,andby7-20%,respectively,comparedwiththoseinthesingle-stagevelocitygradientfluidizedbedflocculators(SGFs).TheinitialbedheightdistributionratioalongthevelocitygradientswasanimportantfactorforMGFoptimization.

简介：Theobjectiveofthisinvestigationistoexaminethecorrectnessandefficiencyofthechoiceofboundaryconditionswhenusingassumedmodeapproachtosimulateflexiblemulti-bodysystems.ThedisplacementfieldduetodeformationisapproximatedbytheRayleigh-Ritzassumedmodesinfloatingframeofreference(FFR)formulation.Thedeformationsobtainedbytheabsolutenodalcoordinate(ANC)formulationwhicharetransformedbytwosetsofreferencecoordinatesareintroducedasacriteriontoverifytheaccuracyofthesimulationresultsbyusingtheFFRformulation.Therelationshipbetweenthedeformationsobtainedfromdifferentboundaryconditionsisrevealed.Numericalsimulationexamplesdemonstratethattheassumedmodeswithcantilevered-free,simply-supportedandfreefreeboundaryconditionswithoutinclusionofrigidbodymodesaresuitableforsimulationofflexiblemulti-bodysystemwithlargeoverallmotion,andthesamephysicaldeformationcanbeobtainedusingthosemodefunctions,differonlybyacoordinatetransformation.Itisalsoshownthatwhenusingmodeshapeswithstaticallyindeterminateboundaryconditions,significanterrormayoccur.Furthermore,theslidercrankmechanismwithrigidcrankisaccurateenoughforinvestigatingboundaryconditionproblemofflexiblemulti-bodysystem,whichcostsignificantlesssimulatingtime.

简介：Usingthetheoryofcoincidencedegree,aclassofhigherordermulti-pointboundaryvalueproblemforordinarydifferentialequationsarestudied.Undertheboundaryconditionssatisfyingtheresonancecase,somenewexistenceresultsareobtainedbysupposingsomeconditionstothenonlineartermandapplyingaprioriestimates.

简介：Weproposeatwin-arraycapacitance(TAC)sensorforthemeasurementofconcentration,velocity,andflowrateofgas-solidtwo-phaseflow.Usingthesensitivitynon-uniformityofaneighboringelectrode,theregionalconcentrationofthecross-sectionwasreconstructeddirectly.Additionally,thefiniteelementmethodwasusedtoanalyzethecapacitanceofthesensorscomposedofadifferentnumberofelectrodes.TACsensorswith4,6,and8electrodeswerefoundtobethebestforregionalconcentrationmeasurements.Basedonthis,the8-electrodetwin-planeelectricalcapacitancetomography(ECT)sensor,the4-electrodeTACsensor,andthe6-electrodeTACsensorwereusedtomeasuretheconcentration,velocity,andflowrateofgranulesingranularflow.TheflowratesmeasuredbyECTandTACwerecomparedwiththeflowrateobtainedbyagravitysensortoverifythemeasurementaccuracy.Experimentsonverticalandinclinedpipelineswithgranularflowwerecarriedout.Wefoundthattheflowrateaccuracyofthe4-electrodeTACisdistinctlybetterthanthatofthe6-electrodeTACintheverticalpipelinewhiletheflowrateaccuracyofthe4-electrodeTACandthe6-electrodeTACweresimilarfortheinclinedpipeline.

简介：Theactivecontrolofvibrationforabeamsubjectedtomulti-disturbancesisinvestigatedbasedonwavepropagatingsuppression.Inthiscontrolsystem,therearethesamenumbersofthesensors,thesignalinputtingtothecon-trollerandthedisturbances,butthereisonlyonecontroller.Itisalocalcontrolsystem,thesystemparametersdependonlyonthecharacteristicsofthestructureboundedbythesensorsandthecontroller,andweneednottakeintoaccounttheboundaryconditionsandthepropertiesofstructuresoutsideofthisfield.Thesys-temisefficientwhenastructurevibratesinmiddleandhighfrequencyregions.Somecontroldesignrulesaredevelopedfromthecalculationresults.

简介：Contact-impactprocessesoccuratmostcasesinmultibodysystems.Sub-periodsandsub-regionalmethodsarefrequentlyusedrecently,anddifferentcoordinatesareintroducedinbothoftheapproaches.However,thesub-regionalmethodseemstobemoreeffective.Floatingframeofreferenceformulationiswidelyusedforcontacttreatment,whichdescribesdisplacementsbytherigidbodymotionandasmallsuperposeddeformation,andthecoordinatesdepictingthedeformationincludefiniteelementnodalcoordinatesandmodalcoordinates,theformerdealswiththecontact/impactregion,andthelaterdescribesthenon-contactregion.Inthispaper,freeinterfacesubstructuremethodisusedinmodeling,andthedynamicequationofasinglebodyisderived.Then,usingtheLagrangeequationofthefirstkind,thedynamicequationsofmultibodysystemsareestablished.Furthermore,contact-impactareasaretreatedthroughadditionalconstraintequationsandLagrangemultipliers.Usingsuchapproach,thenumberofsystemcoordinatesandthedimensionsofmassmatrixaresignificantlyreducedwiththemodaltruncation,thereforebothoftheefficiencyandaccuracyareguaranteed.Finiteelementmethodinthelocalcontactregioncandealwithcontact/impactbetweenarbitrarilycomplexinterfaces,whereas,additionalcontactconstraintsusedinthenodaldescriptionregioncanavoidthecustomizedparametersthatareusedinthecontinuousforcemodel.

简介：Thispaperisconcernedwiththedynamicsofaspacecraftwithmulti-strutpassivedamperforlargeflexibleappendage.Thedamperplatformisconnectedtothespacecraftbyaspherichinge,multipledampingstrutsandarigidstrut.Thedampingstrutsprovidedampingforceswhiletherigidstrutproducesamotionconstraintofthemultibodysystem.TheexactnonlineardynamicalequationsinreducedorderformarefirstlyderivedbyusingKane＇sequationinmatrixform.Basedontheassumptionsofsmallvelocityandsmalldisplacement,thenonlinearequationsarereducedtoasetoflinearsecond-orderdifferentialequationsintermsofindependentgeneralizeddisplacementswithconstantstiffnessmatrixanddampingmatrixrelatedtothedampingstrutparameters.Numericalsimulationresultsdemonstratethedampingeffectivenessofthedamperforboththemotionofthespacecraftandthevibrationoftheflexibleappendage,andverifytheaccuracyofthelinearequationsagainsttheexactnonlinearones.

简介：Byreplacingamediumwithreinforcingcomponentsorientedanddistributeduniformlyinamul-ti-dimensionalspace,aconstitutivemodelisconstructed.Thecomponentsareextended/compressedcompatiblywiththestrainandtheresultantofloadexertedonthemtobalancethestress.Theirload-elongationrelationcanbedeterminedfromaconventionalmaterialtest.Eachcomponentundergoesdifferentelongationhistorydependingonitsownorientationduringdeformation,sothatthemodelcansimulateelasto-plasticbehaviorofmaterialsun-derpolyaxialloadingconditions.Theincrementalconstitutivematrixbasbeenderivedforapplicationinnumeri-calanalysisandayieldcriterionisalsointroduced.Afewsubsequentyieldsurfaceshavebeenpredictedandcom-paredwithexperiments.

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简介：基于Si的多层的结构广泛地在当前的微电子学被使用。在他们的准备期间，一些不同类的剩余应力被导致，导致在接口错配和表面精力和平导致结构失败之间的竞争。这个工作在多层的半导体heterostructure在剩余应力的测量上介绍方法学的研究。扫描电子显微镜学(SEM)，micro-Raman光谱学(太太)，和传播电子显微镜学(TEM)被使用测量多层的结构的几何参数。在拉曼光谱和压力/紧张在上之间的关系[100]并且[110]水晶取向被决定分别地启用表面和剖面图剩余压力分析。基于印射结果的拉曼，沿着多层的heterostructure的深度的剩余应力的分发成功地被获得。