简介：Inthepresentstudy,27multi-drugresistantstrainsofPseudomonasaeruginosawereisolatedfromclinicalspecimensinourhospitalfromJan2005toNov2005,inwhichtheresistantgenesencodingβ-lactamaseincludingTEM,SHV,OXA,PER,VEB,GES,CARB,IMP,VIM,SPM,GIM,DHAandOprD2weretestedbyPCRamplificationandsequencedbyDNAsequencer.Itwasfoundthatthedetectionratesofbla_(VEB),bla_(GES)andbla_(CARB)genesinthese27isolatesofP.aeruginosawere11.1%,11.1%and48.1%,respectively,butalmosttheoprD2genewaslacked(92.6%).Inaddition,theresistantgenesencodingTEM,SHV,OXA,PER,IMP,VIM,SPM,GIMandDHAβ-lactamasewereallnotfound.Itwasalsodemonstratedthatthesequenceofbla_(VEB)geneappearedtobeidenticaltothatofthebla_(VEB-1)(AY536743),whilethebla_(CES)andbla_(CARB)genesshared99%identitywithbla_(GES-1)(AY219651)andbla_(CARB-3)(S46063)genes.Fromtheseobservations,itisevidentthatP.aeruginosacarryingthebla_(VES),bla_(GES)andbla_(CARB)resistantgenesisolatedinourhospitalconferstheresistancetoβ-lactams,andthelossoftheoprD2genemaybetheimportantcausetodevelopresistancetoimipeneminP.aeruginosa.

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简介：TheobjectiveofthisstudyistoexploreapotentiallyeffectivetrainingmethodforthehospitalprofessionalstoeducatedrugusersandtoenhancetheirknowledgeofHIVinfection.Onehundredandsixtyonesubjects,whocamefrom13differentprovincesandwereadmittedinadrugreliefhospitalinBeijing,wererecruitedforthisstudy.Theaverageageofthesesubjectswas35.21±6.24yearold.Theaveragenumbersofyearsfordrugaddictionwere7years,andtheaveragenumbersofdrugrelieftreatmentreceivedinthepastwas5.5times.ThelevelofAIDSknowledgeofthesesubjects,includingpathogenicfactors,sourceofinfection,routeoftransmissionandpreventivemeasures,wereevaluatedbeforeandafterreceivingtheAIDSeducationaltrainingtothesedrugusers.Ourresultsshowedthattherewasastatisticallysignificantincrease(P＜0.01)intheknowledgeofHIVinfectionandpreventionamongthesesubjects.PositiveattitudeandbehavioraltendenciestowardHIVpreventionwerealsoimproved.Therefore,itisimperativeforthemedicalprofessionalstoincorporateAIDSeducationintodrugrelieftreatmenttoachievethemaximumeffectontheknowledgeofAIDSandimprovementofpositiveattitudesandbehaviorstowardHIVpreventionamongdrugusers.

简介：Drugdevelopmentinoncologyisundergoingasubstantialshiftnowadays.Thedriversforthisaremulti-factorial.Ontheoneside,drugdevelopmentisperformedmorerationallythanever,profitingfromthescientificadvancesinmolecularbiologyingeneralandtheelucidationofthevarious'omes'fromgenometometabolomeinparticular.Ontheotherside,itisbasedonenormoustechnologicalprogress,e.g.,inthefieldofgenome

简介：人被自然选择进化到目前在自然生物圈中的地位，因故人的生命是坚强的。于是，作为自然的主宰，人创造了许多是自然原本没有的“东西”，这些人为的“东西”既给纯朴的自然描绘上了华丽的色彩，同时也给自然带来了不少的灾难，源于这些灾难，人的生命随时随地都可能发生“差错”，这又折射出人生命的脆弱。为了保护自己，人便创造了医学，也发明了药物，以便能在这许许多多的“差错”之中拯救人的生命于危验。

简介：INTRODUCTIONSincetheirintroductioninmid-1980s,polyamidoamide(PAMAM)dendrimershaveattractedconsiderableattentionbecauseoftheiruniquestructuresandproperties.Accordingtopreliminarystudiesinanimals,PAMAMdendrimersarenon-immunogenic,verylowinvivotoxicityandcanbeexcretedbyurineandfeces.

简介：AnewclassofcrosslinkingpolyphosphatesweresynthesizedandcharacterizedbyIR^1HNMR,^31PNMRspectroscopyaswellaselementalanalysis.InvitrodegradationofthepolyphosphatesobtainedandthereleaseofantineoplasticdrugMethotrexate(MTX)andcontraceptiveLevonorgestrel(LNG)byusingthesepolymersasmatrixwerestudied.ZeroorderreleaseratewasobservedinthecaseofLNGrelease.

简介：Thisworkaimstoinvestigatetheeffectsofdosingregimentsondrugdeliveryinsolidtumorsandtovalidatethemwithexperimentsonrats.Thelumpedparametermodelsofpharmacokineticsandofdrugdeliveryintumorweredevelopedtosimulatetimecoursesofaveragedrugconcentration(Ct)oftumorinterstitiumintwotypesofdosingregiments(i.e.,single-shotandtriple-shotones).Thetworegimentswereperformedviaantitumordrug,hydroxycamptothecin(HCPT),onrats,tomeasurethedrugconcentrationinthetumor.Thesimulationsofthedrugconcentrationinthetumorofthetwodosingregimentswereconductedandcomparedwiththeexperimentaldataonrats.Thecoefficientsinthemodelswereinvestigated.Itisconcludedthatthetriple-shotmethodismoreeffectivethanthatofsingle-shotinjection.Thepresentlumped-parametermodelisquantitativelycompetentfordrugdeliveryinsolidtumor.

简介：AlatticeBoltzmannnumericalmodelingmethodwasdevelopedtopredictskinconcentrationaftertopicalapplicationofadrugontheskin.ThemethodisbasedonD2Q9latticespacesassociatedwiththeBhatnagar-Gross-Krook(BGK)collisiontermtosolvetheconvection-diffusionequation(CDE).Asimulationwascarriedoutindifferentrangesofthevalueofbound,whichisrelatedtoskincapillaryclearanceandthevolumeofdiffusionduringapercutaneousabsorptionprocess.Whenatypicaldrugisusedontheskin,thevalueofcorrespondstotheamountofdrugabsorbedbythebloodandtheabsorptionofthedrugaddedtotheskin.Theeffectofwasstudiedforwhentheregionofskincontactisalinesegmentontheskinsurface.

简介：Colorectalcancer（CRC）isthethirdmostcommoncancerdiagnosedworldwideinhumanbeings.Surgery,chemotherapy,radiotherapyandtargetedtherapiesaretheconventionalfourapproacheswhicharecurrentlyusedforthetreatmentofCRC.Thesitespecificdeliveryofchemotherapeuticstotheirsiteofactionwouldincreaseeffectivenesswithreducingsideeffects.Targetedoraldrugdeliverysystemsbasedonpolysaccharidesarebeinginvestigatedtotargetanddeliverchemotherapeuticandchemopreventiveagentsdirectlytocolonandrectum.Site-specificdrugdeliverytocolonincreasesitsconcentrationatthetargetsite,andthusrequiresalowerdoseandhenceabridgedsideeffects.Somenoveltherapiesarealsobrieflydiscussedinarticlesuchasreceptor（epidermalgrowthfactorreceptor,folatereceptor,wheatgermagglutinin,VEGFreceptor,hyaluronicacidreceptor）basedtargetingtherapy;colontargetedproapoptoticanticancerdrugdeliverysystem,genetherapy.EventhoughgoodtreatmentoptionsareavailableforCRC,theultimatetherapeuticapproachistoaverttheincidenceofCRC.ItwasalsofoundthatCRCscouldbepreventedbydietandnutritionsuchascalcium,vitaminD,curcumin,quercetinandfishoilsupplements.ImmunotherapyandvaccinationareusednowadayswhichareshowingbetterresultsagainstCRC.

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简介：AbstractThe low success rates in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), which account for 55% and 34% respectively, led the WHO to conclude that MDR/XDR-TB is a serious public health crisis. However, the virulence of MDR/XDR-Mycobacterium Tuberculosis(Mtb) has not been analyzed in details, which could provide a specific guidance for the control and prevention. In this review, we discuss different aspects of MDR/XDR-Mtb virulence and its relationship to fitness cost by probing the following questions: (1) what mediates the virulence of MDR/XDR-Mtb? (What is the relationship between fitness and virulence of Mtb? (2) Is it possible that drug-resistant Mtb(DR Mtb) can show higher fitness? (3) What is the definite effect on fitness of each drug-resistant mutant? (4) What other important factors affecting fitness in the mutant strain? (5) How to study the virulence of a large number of DR Mtb?And what prevention and control measures will be taken in the future, especially for the high virulent DR Mtb? We therefore summarized the congruent relationship between drug resistance and fitness from the global response-related genes to antibiotic resistance-contributing mutation, provided methods to explore the virulence of DR Mtb. This review may offer some critical information and concise guide to creating strategies for the prevention and control of drug-resistant Mtb.

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简介：Thispaperreviewsourworkonthefundamentalprinciplesofhighgravitycontrolledprecipitation(HGCP)technology,anditsapplicationsintheproductionofdrugnanoparticles,whichwascarriedoutinarotatingpackedbed(RPB).Severalkindsofdrugnanoparticleswithnarrowparticlesizedistributions(PSDs)weresuccessfullypreparedviaHGCP,includingthe300-nmCefuroximeAxetil(CFA)particles,200–400-nmcephradineparticles,500-nmsalbutamolsulfate(SS)particles(100nminwidth),and850-nmbeclomethasonedipropionate(BDP)particles,etc.Comparedtodrugsavailableinthecurrentmarket,allthedrugnanoparticlesproducedbyHGCPexhibitedadvantagesinbothformulationanddrugdelivery,thusimprovingthebioavailabilityofdrugs.HGCPisessentiallyaplatformtechnologyforthepreparationofpoorlywater-solubledrugnanoparticlesfororalandinjectiondelivery,andofinhalabledrugsforpulmonarydelivery.Consequently,HGCPofferspotentialapplicationsinthepharmaceuticalindustryduetoitscost-effectiveness,efficientprocessingandtheeaseofscaling-up.

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简介：Thephenomenonofparticleinteractioninvolvedinpulmonarydrugdeliverybelongstoawidevarietyofdisciplinesofparticletechnology,inparticular,fluidization.Thispaperreviewsthebasicconceptsofpulmonarydrugdeliverywithreferencestofluidizationresearch,inparticular,studiesonGeldartgroupCpowders.Drypowderinhalerdevice-formulationcombinationhasbeenshowntobeaneffectivemethodfordeliveringdrugstothelungfortreatmentofasthma,chronicobstructivepulmonarydiseaseandcysticfibrosis.Evenwithadvanceddesigns,however,deliveryefficiencyisstillpoormainlyduetopowderdispersionproblemswhichcausepoorlungdepositionandhighdosevariability.Drugparticlesusedincurrentinhalersmustbe1-5mindiameterforeffectivedepositioninsmall-diameterairwaysandalveoli.Thesepowdersareverycohesive,havepoorflowability,andaredifficulttodisperseintoaerosolduetocohesionarisingfromvanderWaalsattraction.Theseproblemsarewellknowninfluidizationresearch,muchofwhichishighlyrelevanttopulmonarydrugdelivery.