简介：Background:Recently,deerhaveexpandedtheirdistributiontohigheraltituderangesincludingsubalpineforests.However,cullingdeerandconstructionofdeerfenceinsubalpineforestsaredifficultbecauseofsteepslopesandcomplextopography.Thusitisnecessarytoclarifythefactorswhichareassociatedwithdebarkingbydeerfortheeffectiveprotectionofsubalpineforests.Inthisstudy,weexaminedwhichfactorsareassociatedwithdebarkingbysikadeer(Cervusnippon)insubalpineconiferousforests.Methods:WeconductedoursurveyinMinami-AlpsNationalPark,centralJapan.Weestablished2410m×40mplotsandsurveyedtheoccurrenceofdebarkingonsaplings>30cminheightand<3cmindiameteratbreastheight(DBH)andontrees>3cminDBH,aswellassaplingdensitywithineachplot.Minimumdistancestonearestgrasslandofplotswerecalculated(tentativelyassuminggrasslandwouldattractdeerandwouldcausehighdebarkingpressureinthesurroundingsubalpineforests).Results:Themeanpercentageofdebarkedlivesaplingswashigherthanthatoflivetrees.Themeanpercentageofdebarkedsaplingswhichhadalreadydiedwas81.6%.Debarkingofsaplingsincreasedwithlowerelevation,tallersaplingsize,andmarginallyincreasedneargrassland.Saplingdensitywaslowerinplotswithlowbasalareaofconspecifictreesneargrasslandanddifferedamongspecies.Saplingdensitymarginallydecreasedwithdecreasingelevationandincreasingstandtreedensity.DebarkingoftreeswaspositivelyrelatedtosmallDBHandlowelevation,andmarginallyincreasedneargrasslandanddifferedamongspecies.Conclusions:Ourresultssuggestthattallsaplingsinsubalpineforestsoflowelevationornearsubalpinegrasslandweresusceptibletodebarkingbydeerandmonitoringoftheseareasmaypermittheearlydetectionoftheimpactsofdeerinsubalpineconiferousforests.

简介：ThegeneticdifferentiationofKoreanpine(Pinuskoraiensis)indifferentaltitudesinChangbaiMountainwasanalyzedbyISSRtechnique,anditwasfoundthatthelevelofgeneticdiversityofKoreanpinereducesalongwithaltitudeincreasinginChangbaiMountain.ThevariationofKoreanpineismainlyfromintra-populationandthereisapositiverelativitybetweengeneticdistanceandverticalgeographicdistanceofKoreanpineindifferentaltitudes.ThegeneticcoherenceshowsthataltitudehaslessinsulationtoKoreanpine.Therefore,itisdeducedthattheterrainformationofverticaldistributionofKoreanpineisaresultofdiffusionfromloweraltitudetohigheraltitudeinthecourseofenlargingitsadaptability.

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简介：研究被进行评估未葬生物资源，养分含量和在桉树类camaldulensis和桉树类的mycorrhizal殖民的百分比宏大是在半干旱的区域的种植园(15°09′S43°49′W)在在巴西的古代希腊的金额单位Gerais的状态的北方。结果证明总数未葬生物资源(干物质)是33.6Mg·h为E的−1。camaldulensis和53.1Mg·h为E的−1。宏大。茎木头，叶子，分支，和茎的生物资源为E吠叫。camaldulensis占了64.4%，19.6%，15.4%，和0.6%全部的生物资源，分别地(桌子2)；同时总数的一个类似的分区未葬生物资源也被作出对有利的裁决E。宏大。叶子的干物质和E的分支。camaldulensis在叶子说明了N，P，K，Ca，Mg，和S的35%全部的生物资源，和内容，分支总共占了15.5%，0.7%，12.3%，22.6%，1.9%，和1.4%那些未葬生物资源分别地。在箱子(bark和木头)中，滋养的累积一般来说更低。E的养分含量。宏大被介绍很少变化与E的相比。camaldulensis。在箱子的优异部分局部性的伍德介绍了P的更高的集中，bark包含了营养素的重要数量，特别在E。宏大。这显示离开植物的废物具有在在这个半干旱的区域减少树生产率的损失的地点上的重要性。二种显示出mycotrophy。

简介：Background:Anexaminationofthedistributionofancientcharcoalkilnsitesintheforestlandscapeseemstobeworthwhile,sincegeneraltrendsintheselectionofsuitablekilnsitelocationsinthepastmightbecomeobvious.Inthiswayforestlandscapeelementswithamoreintenseusagebycharcoalburningcanbeidentified.Bydoingthis,wecanexpecttogaininformationontheformerconditionandtreespeciescompositionofwoodland.Investigationsonthespatialdistributionofcharcoalkilnsitesinrelationtolandscapeattributesaresparse,however,probablyduetothehighon-sitemappingeffort.TheoutstandingsuitabilityofLiDAR-deriveddigitalterrainmodels(DTMs)forthedetectionofcharcoalkilnsiteshasbeenrecentlyproved.Hence,DTM-basedsurveysofcharcoalkilnsitesrepresentapromisingattempttofillthisresearchgap.Methods:BasedonDTM-basedsurveys,weanalyzedthespatialdistributionofcharcoalkilnsitesintwoforestlandscapesintheGermanfederalstateofHesse:ReinhardswaldandKelerwald-EderseeNationalPark.Indoingso,weconsideredthelandscapeattibutes'treespeciescomposition','watersupplystatus','nutrientsupplystatus','soilcomplexclasses','altitude','exposition',and'inclination'.Results:WefoundthatcharcoalkilnsiteswereestablishedpreferablyonhilsidelocationsthatprovidedoptimalgrowingandregenerationconditionsforEuropeanbeech(Fagussylvatica)duetotheiracidicbrownsoilsandsufficientwatersupply.Theseresultsareinlinewithinstructionsfortheselectionofappropriatekilnsitelocations,foundinliteraturefromthe18thtothe19thcentury.Conclusions:Weconcludethattherewerewell-stocked,beech-dominateddeciduousforeststandsinnorthernHessebefore1800,particularlyatpoorlyaccessiblehillsidelocations.TheselargestocksofbeechwoodwereutilizedbythegovernmentsofthedifferentHessianterritoriesthroughtheestablishmentofironworksandhammermills.Ourargumentationiswellinline

简介：Dalbergia印度黄檀Roxb。是南亚的有希望的多种用途的树种类之一。大多数D的种植园。从种子的印度黄檀由于死回来疾病正在面对严重威胁，它最终在一些月以内引起这个潜在的树种类的死亡。植物的繁殖能避免死回来疾病。D的不同年龄组的三十棵母亲树。印度黄檀为从D评估树枝剪样的rooting行为被选择。由植物生长素影响了的印度黄檀(在100点的IAA或IBA，200，500mg敧敭瑮瀠潲潴潣獬愠敲渠敥敤?潦?潣獮牥慶楴湯漠?桴?灳'虜瑂

简介：Background:Mostcurrentapproachesinforestscienceandpracticerequireinformationaboutstructureandgrowthofindividualtreesratherthan-orinadditionto-sumandmeanvaluesofgrowthandyieldatforeststandlevelasprovidedbyclassicexperimentaldesigns.Byinventingthewheeldesign,Nelderprovidedthepossibilitytoturntotheindividualtreeasbasicinformationunit.Suchtrialsprovidevaluableinsightsintothedependencyofgrowthonstanddensityatparticularsites.Methods:Here,wepresentanextensionoftheoriginaldesignandevaluationbyNelder.(i)WeestablishedNelderwheelsalonganenvironmentalgradientthroughEuropeinatlanticclimateinBelgiumandGermany,MediterraneanclimateinItaly,continentalclimateinHungaryaswellasonhighlandclimateinMexico.SuchdisjunctNelderwheelsalonganenvironmentalgradientcanberegardedandanalysedasatwo-factordesignwiththefactorsofsiteconditionandstanddensity.(ii)WepresentanadvancedstatisticalapproachtoevaluatedensitydependentgrowthdynamicsoftreesplantedinformoftheNelderdesign,whichconsidersspatio-temporalautocorrelation.(iii)Weprovetheusefulnessofthemethodsinimprovingecologicaltheoryconcerningdensityrelatedproductivity,trade-offsbetweenfacilitationandcompetition,andallometricrelationsbetweensizevariables.Results:FirstevaluationsbasedonremeasuredNelderwheelsinoak(QuercusroburL.)showasizegrowthdifferentiationduringthefirstobservationperiod.Inparticular,heightgrowthisacceleratedunderhighercompetitionindicatingfacilitationeffects.Wedetectfurthermoreahighvariabilityinallometricrelations.Conclusions:Theproposeddesign,methods,andresultsarediscussedregardingtheirimpactonforestpractice,modelbuilding,andecologicaltheory.WeconcludethattheextendedNelderapproachishighlyefficientinprovidingcurrentlylackingindividualtreelevelinformation.