简介：Extenicsisanewlydevelopedinterdisciplinarysubjectcombiningmathematics,philosophyandengineering.Itprovidesusefulformalizedqualitativetoolsandquantitativetoolsforsolvingcontradictoryproblems.Inthispaper,extensiontheoryisintroducedbrieflyandtheprimaryapplicationsofthistheoryandmethodsinbionicengineeringresearcharediscussed.Theextensionmodelofbiologicalcouplingfunctionalsystemisestablished.Inordertoidentifytheprimaryandsecondarysequencingofcouplingelements,theExtensionAnalyticHierarchyProcess(EAHP)wasadoptedtoanalyzethecontributionofeachcouplingelementtothecouplingfunctionalsystem.Thus,theinfluenceweightfactorofeachcouplingelementcanbedetermined,soastoprovideanewapproachforsolvingprimaryandsecondarysequencingproblemofcouplingelementsinaquantitativeway,andfacilitatethesubsequentbioniccouplingstudy.

简介：Anactivestereovisionsystembasedonamodelofneuralpathwaysofhumanbinocularmotorsystemisproposed.Withthismodel,itisguaranteedthatthetwocamerasoftheactivestereovisionsystemcankeeptheirlinesofsightfixedonthesametargetobjectduringsmoothpursuit.Thisfeatureisveryimportantforactivestereovisionsystems,sincenotonly3Drecon-structionneedsthetwocamerashaveanoverlappingfieldofvision,butalsoitcanfacilitatethe3Dreconstructionalgorithm.Toevaluatetheeffectivenessoftheproposedmethod,somesoftwaresimulationsaredonetodemonstratethesametargettrackingcharacteristicinavirtualenvironmentapttomistrackingeasily.Here,mistrackingmeanstwoeyestracktwodifferentobjectsseparately.Thentheproposedmethodisimplementedinouractivestereovisionsystemtoperformrealtrackingtaskinalaboratoryscenewhereseveralpersonswalkself-determining.Beforetheproposedmodelisimplementedinthesystem,mis-trackingoccurredfrequently.Afteritisenabled,mistrackingneveroccurred.Theresultshowsthatthevisionsystembasedonneuralpathwaysofhumanbinocularmotorsystemcanreliablyavoidmistracking.

简介：Althoughvariousgenomeprojectshaveprovidedusenormousstaticsequenceinformation,understandingofthesophisticatedbiologycontinuestorequireintegratingthecomputationalmodeling,systemanalysis,technologydevelopmentforexperiments,andquantitativeexperimentsalltogethertoanalyzethebiologyarchitectureonvariouslevels,whichisjusttheoriginofsystemsbiologysubject.Thisreviewdiscussestheobject,itscharacteristics,andresearchattentionsinsystemsbiology,andsummarizestheanalysismethods,experimentaltechnologies,researchdevelopments,andsooninthefourkeyfieldsofsystemsbiology-systemicstructures,dynamics,controlmethods,anddesignprinciples.

简介：松锯工甲壳虫，Monochamusalternatus，在亚洲被认为是一个臭名昭著的森林害虫，vectoring侵略病原的线虫，Bursaphelenchusxylophilus，它被知道引起松枯萎疾病。然而，很少顺序信息都不为这向量甲壳虫是可得到的。这在它的免疫系统上妨碍了研究。基于M的transcriptome。alternatus，我们在M识别了并且描绘194immunityrelated基因。alternatus，并且从知道对入侵微生物展出有免疫力的回答的另外的种类把他们与相当或相同事物分子作比较。在M的通常认为的immunityrelated基因的更低的数字。alternatus被归因于更少Ctypelectin，丝氨酸朊酶(SP)和抗菌剂肽(安培)基因。种系发生的分析揭示了那M。alternatus有唯一的识别基因，galectin3，哪个没在Triboliumcastaneum被识别的orthologues，果蝇melanogastor，疟蚊属gambiae和Apismellifera。这为甲虫类之昆虫昆虫建议了lineagespecific基因进化。我们的学习提供M的immunityrelated基因的全面顺序资源。alternatus，为天生的免疫的分子的机制的更好的理解介绍珍贵信息在M处理。对B的alternatus。xylophilus。

简介：Awheeledmobilemechanismwithapassiveand/oractivelinkagemechanismforroughterrainenvironmentisdevelopedandevaluated.Thewheeledmobilemechanismwhichhashighmobilityinroughterrainneedssophisticatedsystemtoadaptvariousenvironments.Wefocusonthedevelopmentofaswitchingcontrollersystemforwheeledmobilerobotsinroughterrain.Thissystemconsistsoftwosub-systems:anenvironmentrecognitionsystemusinglinkanglesandanadaptivecontrolsystem.Intheen-vironmentrecognitionsystem,weintroduceaSelf-OrganizingMap(SOM)forclusteringlinkangles.Intheadaptivecontrol-lers,weintroduceneuralnetworkstocalculatetheinversemodelofthewheeledmobilerobot.Theenvironmentrecognitionsystemcanrecognizetheenvironmentinwhichtherobottravels,andtheadjustablecon-trollersaretunedbyexperimentalresultsforeachenvironment.Thedualsub-systemswitchingcontrollersystemisexperi-mentallyevaluated.Thesystemrecognizesitsenvironmentandadaptsbyswitchingtheadjustablecontrollers.Thissystemdemonstratessuperiorperformancetoawell-tunedsinglePIDcontroller.

简介：Thebiologicalimmunesystemisacomplexadaptivesystem.Therearelotsofbenefitsforbuildingthemodeloftheimmunesystem.Forbiologicalresearchers,theycantestsomehypothesesabouttheinfectionprocessorsimulatetheresponsesofsomedrugs.Forcomputerresearchers,theycanbuilddistributed,robustandfaulttolerantnetworksinspiredbythefunctionsoftheimmunesystem.Thispaperprovidesacomprehensivesurveyoftheliteraturesonmodellingtheimmunesystem.Fromthemethodologyperspective,thepapercomparesandanalyzestheexistingapproachesandmodels,andalsodemonstratesthefocusingresearcheffortonthefutureimmunemodelsinthenextfewyears.

简介：这研究的目的是在模型organismDrosophilamelanogaster上调查铝(艾尔)的有毒的效果。学习特别在休息和活动在水果苍蝇的发展，寿命，和生理节奏的节奏担心铝的效果。苍蝇在饲养媒介从40～280mg/kg在集中暴露于铝或苍蝇在控制媒介上被饲养。而且，昆虫的寿命在媒介暴露了艾尔的40，120，或240mg/kg到铝包含仅仅在他们的幼虫的发展期间，在整个生命周期期间并且仅仅在他们的成年人，生活被测试。检查铝和老化原因是否在D变化。melanogaster行为，在不同年龄的苍蝇的运动活动被记录。结果证明那铝在在在高耸的媒介的160mg/kg上面的集中是有毒的。取决于艾尔集中和暴露的时间，苍蝇的寿命被弄短。在中间的集中(120mg/kg)，然而，艾尔在增加他们运动活动的寿命和水平的男性上有刺激效果。在更高的集中，铝暴露增加了或减少D的运动活动的水平。取决于苍蝇的年龄的melanogaster。另外，在在铝上饲养的最旧的昆虫补充了媒介，在在艾尔的最高的集中上饲养的中间的苍蝇，活动的每日的节奏被破坏。

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简介：Itiswellrecognizedthatcelldeathplaysanimportantroleduringthematurationofthenervoussystemaswellasinmanyneurologicaldiseases.Apoptosishasbeenshowntobeimportantparticularyduringembryogenesisasameanstoeliminatingunwantedneurons.SeveredaxonshavealsobeenshowntodegenerateinanorganizedfashiontermedWalleriandegeneration.Excitotoxicdeathisanotherformofcelldeathinthenervoussystemwhichisinducedbyhighconcentrationsofneurotransmitterssuchasglutamate.Itisnotknownwhetherthesamemolecularmechanismsunderliethesedifferentformsofcelldeathinthenervoussystem.TheBax-/-Bak-/-doubleknock-outmouseprovidesanidealsystemtostudy

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简介：Simulatingbiologicalolfactoryneuralsystem,KⅢnetwork,whichisahigh-dimensionalchaoticneuralnetwork,isdesignedinthispaper.Differentfromconventionalartificialneuralnetwork,theKⅢnetworkworksinitschaotictrajectory.ItcansimulatenotonlytheoutputEEGwaveformobservedinelectrophysiologicalexperiments,butalsothebiologicalintelligenceforpatternclassification.Thesimulationanalysisandapplicationtotherecognitionofhandwritingnmeralsarepresentedhere.TheclassificationperformanceoftheKⅢnetworkatdifferentnoiselevelswasalsoinvestigated.

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简介：神经干细胞(NSC)不仅在胚胎的发展期间而且在所有哺乳动物的种类的成年大脑是在场的，包括人。在vivo的干细胞壁龛建筑学使成年NSC能连续地在整个生活在特定的大脑区域产生功能的神经原。成年神经发生过程服从于动态规定由各种各样生理，病理学并且药理学刺激。Multipotent成年NSC也看起来内在地塑料，对基因编程顺从在正常区别期间，并且到epigeneticreprograming在进pluripotency的de区别期间。增加的证据建议成年NSC显著地在生理、病理学的条件下面贡献专业化神经功能。充分理解成年NSC的生物学将提供关键卓见进病原学和主要大脑混乱的潜在的治疗学的干预。这里，我们在哺乳动物的中央神经系统的成年NSC上考察最近的进步，包括他们在癌症和再生药的身份，壁龛，功能，粘性，和新兴的角色上的话题。

简介：Navigationsystembasedontheanimalbehaviorhasreceivedagrowingattentioninthepastfewyears.Thenavigationsystemsusingartificialpheromonearestillfewsofar.Forthisreason,thispaperpresentsourresearchthataimtoimplementautonomousnavigationwithartificialpheromonesystem.Byintroducingartificialpheromonesystemcomposedofdatacarriersandautonomousrobots,theroboticsystemcreatesapotentialfieldtonavigatetheirgroup.Wehavedevelopedapheromonedensitymodeltorealizethefunctionofpheromoneswiththehelpofdatacarriers.Weintendtoshowtheeffectivenessoftheproposedsystembyperformingsimulationsandrealizationusingmodifiedmobilerobot.Thepheromonepotentialfieldsystemcanbeusedfornavigationofautonomousrobots.

简介：Inthelasttwoyears,wehaveseenaremarkableintensificationintheresponsetoAIDSinChina.AnumberoforganizationshavejoinedandcontributedtotheeffortsoftheChinesegovernmentinrespondingtheAIDSepidemicinChina.ThisarticlespecificallydescribestheroleoftheUnitedNationsinsupportingandstrengtheningthoseresponses.AchievementsoftheUnitedNations(UN)highlightedinthearticleinclude:strengthenedleadershipandpoliticalcommitmenttorespondtoAIDS;improvedHIV/AIDSsurveillanceandinformation;expandedpreventionefforts;improvedtreatment,careandsupporttopeoplelivingwithHIVandincreasedresourcesforAIDSprograms.Additionalrolesofe.,onenationalplanonAIDS;onenationalcoordinatingauthorityforAIDS;andonemonitoringandevaluationsystemforAIDS.Inaddition,theUNsystemisexpectedtostrengthenalignmentandharmonizationofactivitiesofallinternationalorganizationsandimprovedaccountabilityandoversight.RemainingchallengesidentifiedincludeincreasingawarenessofAIDSandreducingstigmaanddiscrimination;reducingvulnerabilityandriskbehaviouramongspecificgroups;providingimprovedtreatment,careandsupportforpeoplelivingwithHIV;promotingstrongerengagementbycivilsociety,and;addressingthegenderdimensionsofAIDS.

简介：Theaimofthisstudyistodesignabiologicalinformationretrievalandanalysissystem(BIRAS)basedontheInternet.Usingthespecificnetworkprotocol,BIRASsystemcouldsendandreceiveinformationfromtheEntrezsearchandretrievalsystemmaintainedbyNationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformation(NCBI)inUSA.Theliteratures,nucleotidesequence,proteinsequences,andotherresourcesaccordingtotheuser-definedtermcouldthenberetrievedandsenttotheuserbypopupmessageorbyE-mailinformingautomaticallyusingBIRASsystem.Alltheinformationretrievingandanalyzingprocessesaredoneinreal-time.Asarobustsystemforintelligentlyanddynamicallyretrievingandanalyzingontheuser-definedinformation,itisbelievedthatBIRASwouldbeextensivelyusedtoretrievespecificinformationfromlargeamountofbiologicaldatabasesinnowdays.Theprogramisavailableonrequestfromthecorrespondingauthor.

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简介：WeintroducetherelationshipbetweenexcessnoiseinOptoelectronicCoupledDevices(OCDs)andtheirinteriordefectsandexplainhowlow-fiequencynoisecanbeusedtoestimatetheirreliability.Usingconceptsfromthebiologicalimmunesystemanditsprocessofidentifyinginvaders,wepresentasystemforestimationofthereliabilityofOCDs.Thesystemhasexpressionsfortheantigen(excessnoise),lymphocyte(criterion)andtheroleofthelymphocyteeliminatingunreliabledevices.AgeneticalgorithmwasusedtoestimatethecomponentsparametersofthenoisespectrumforestimatingthereliabilityofOCDs.Theexperimentalresultsdemonstratedthatthismethodisreliable,adaptableandpractical.

简介：Expressedsequencetags(ESTs)arewidelyusedingenesurveyresearchtheseyears.TheESTPipelineSystem,softwaredevelopedbyHangzhouGenomicsInstitute(HGI),canautomaticallyanalyzedifferentscalarESTsequencesbysuitablemethods.Alltheanalysisreports,includingthoseofvectormasking,sequenceassembly,geneannotation,GeneOntologyclassification,andsomeotheranalyses,canbebrowsedandsearchedaswellasdownloadedintheExcelformatfromthewebinterface,savingresearcheffortsfromroutinedataprocessingforbiologicalrulesembeddedinthedata.

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