简介：Survivalratesformetastaticlungcancer,includingnon-smallcelllungcancer(NSCLC)andsmallcelllungcancer(SCLC),arepoorwith5-yearsurvivalsoflessthan5%.Theimmunesystemhasanintricateandcomplexrelationshipwithtumorigenesis;agroundswellofresearchontheimmunesystemisleadingtogreaterunderstandingofhowcancerprogressesandpresentingnewwaystohaltdiseaseprogress.Duetotheextraordinarypoweroftheimmunesystem—withitscapacityformemory,exquisitespecificityandcentralanduniversalroleinhumanbiology—immunotherapyhasthepotentialtoachievecomplete,long-lastingremissionsandcures,withfewsideeffectsforanycancerpatient,regardlessofcancertype.Asaresult,arangeofcancertherapiesareunderdevelopmentthatworkbyturningourownimmunecellsagainsttumors.Howeverdeeperunderstandingofthecomplexityofimmunomodulationbytumorsiskeytothedevelopmentofeffectiveimmunotherapies,especiallyinlungcancer.

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简介：Basedonimmuneclusteringandevolutionaryprogramming(EP),ahybridalgorithmtotraintheRBFnetworkisproposed.AnimmunefuzzyC-meansclusteringalgorithm(IFCM)isusedtoadaptivelyspecifytheamountandinitialpositionsoftheRBFcentersaccordingtoinputdataset;thentheRBFnetworkistrainedwithEPthattendstoglobaloptima.TheapplicationofthehybridalgorithminmultluserdetectionproblemdemonstratesthattheRBFnetworktrainedwiththealgorithmhassimplenetworkstructurewithgoodgeneralizationability.

简介：Exosomes,secretedbymanylivecells,aresmallnon-cellvesicleswithnanoparticle-gradesize.Inadditiontotheoriginalfunctionofdiscardingtheuselessfulmembranemolecules,exosomesareinvolvedinarangeofimmunoregulatoryfunctions.Dendriticcell-derivedexosomesandtumor-derivedexosomesarethebestcharacterizedvesicleswithpotentantitumoreffectbyefficienflyinducingimmuneresponse.Down-regtdationofimmuneresponseorinductionofimmunetoleranceisanotherinterestingfunctionofexosomes，Furtherfunctionalstudiesoftheexosomeswillshedlightontheapplicationofexosomes。

简介：昆虫主人--parasitoid相互作用包含复杂生理、生物化学、基因的相互作用。对endoparasitoids，免疫者能干的主人开始血快速破坏入侵者并且包围的调停房间的反应他们在multilayered以黑色素为特征的囊。在过去的十年期间，可观的进步在识别一些主人反应的批评部件被取得了，主要因为有效分子的工具的使用。这评论检验一些果蝇的天生的免疫反应的部件，为学习非自我识别担任了一个特别好的试验性的模型的一只昆虫处理并且有免疫力的房间发信号机制。在这评论考虑的话题包括血球，melanogenesis和联系细胞毒素的分子的造血作用，增长和粘附，并且host-parasitoid相互作用的基因方面。

简介：昆虫的天生的免疫系统被划分成包括可溶的受动器分子的生产的体液的防卫和象被血球调停的吞噬作用和封装一样的细胞的防卫。这评论总结细胞的免疫反应的当前的理解。昆虫生产被形态学区分的血球的几种严重地区分的类型，分子并且反遗传因子的标记，和功能。在幼虫或nymph的阶段昆虫传播的区分的血球从二来源产生：在胚胎开始和中层联盟者期间生产的祖先房间导出造血的机关。造血作用和血球区别的规定也包含几条不同发信号小径。吞噬作用和封装要求血球首先作为外国认出一个给定的目标由下游的发信号和受动器回答的激活列在后面。很多体液、细胞的受体被识别了认出不同微生物和多细胞的寄生虫。接着，这些受体的激活刺激调整不同血球功能的很多条发信号的小径。最近的研究也作为为杀死不同外国侵略者要求的很多个体液的受动器分子的重要来源识别血球。

简介：尽管免疫系统拥有工具对癌症作出回应，它经常没能控制恶意的传播。尽管如此，装备内长的免疫释放强壮的antitumor回答比常规治疗有重要优点。这评论探索一些可得到的选择完成这，在有刺激免疫系统并且授权更强壮的antitumor回答的肿瘤抗原的种痘上集中第一。我们然后比较并且形成对照声发有用淋巴细胞转移的T的采纳治疗的记录得好的药品潜力的种痘的有限临床的成功。最后，我们用与受体一起利用allogeneicT房间全部剧目的房间受体(TCR)基因转移策略为定义MHC/peptide联合在vitro选择了的T加亮新奇途径，作为癌症的抗原特定的基因治疗的一个基础。

简介：AbstractMedulloblastoma is the most common primary pediatric malignancy of the central nervous system. Recurrent and refractory patients account for approximately 30% of them. Immune cells are an important component of the brain tumor microenvironment, including tumor-associated macrophages, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B lymphocytes. Understanding how they behave and interact is important in the investigation of the onset and progression of medulloblastoma. Here, we overview the features and recent advances of each component of immune cells in medulloblastoma. Meanwhile, immunotherapy is a promising but also challenging treatment strategy for medulloblastoma. At present, there are a growing number of immunotherapeutic approaches under investigation including immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, cancer vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies, and natural killer cells in recurrent and refractory medulloblastoma patients.

简介：幼芽的中心kinases(GCK)参予需要包括apoptosis，房间增长，极性和移植调整细胞的函数的许多发信号的小径。最近的研究证明了GCK是在适应、天生的有免疫力的规定的参加者。然而，微分激活和GCK的规章的机制，以及在上游、下游的发信号的分子，尚待充分被定义。它仍然保持未解决是否并且怎么GCK可以有存在的串音表明小径。这评论在与免疫系统相关的GCK的研究强调进步。

简介：细菌的细胞内部的共生在昆虫是很普通的，有在支持生命和生物多样性的进化的重要后果。最近吸引了特别注意的细菌的组是可能在行星上代表最无所不在的endosymbiont的Wolbachiapipientis。W。pipientis是一克否定应尽细胞内部并且似母亲播送了l-proteobacterium，那能与节肢动物和线虫建立共生协会。在节肢动物，Wolbachiapipientis感染在Arachnida被描述了，在Isopoda并且主要在Insecta。他们包括Diptera，翘目，半翅类，Hymenoptera，直翅目和鳞翅目在几乎所有主要昆虫订单被报导了。提高它的传播，W。pipientis能由导致单性生殖，女性化，男性杀死和细胞质的不兼容操作主人复制。几聚合酶链反应调查显示了多达70%所有昆虫种类可以感染W。pipientis。怎么做W。pipientis设法变得在多样的昆虫主人种类确定了？这细胞内部的细菌的共生者种怎么在逃离宿主免疫反应是那么成功的？现在的评论在这块地里介绍最近的进展和进行中的科学努力。这域里的知识的当前的身体被总结，从可得到的genomic信息的展现被介绍，迄今为止未答复的问题在一次尝试被讨论介绍W的唯一的能力的一幅全面图画。pipientis将建立共生并且当躲避主人的免疫系统时，操作复制。

简介：Modulationbybalancingactivatingandinhibitoryreceptorsconstitutesanimportantmechanismforregulatingimmuneresponses.Cellsthatareactivatedfollowingligationofreceptorsbearingimmunoreceptortyrosine-basedactivationmotifs(ITAMs)canbenegativelyregulatedbyotherreceptorsbearingimmunoreceptortyrosine-basedinhibitionmotifs(ITIMs).Humanmastcells(MCs)arethemajoreffectorcellsoftypeIhypersensitivityandimportantparticipantsinanumberofdiseaseprocesses.Antigen-mediatedaggregationofIgEboundtoitshigh-affinityreceptoronMCsinitiatesacomplexseriesofbiochemicaleventsleadingtoMCactivation.WithgreatdetaileddescriptionandanalysisofseveralinhibitoryreceptorsonhumanMCs,acentralparadigmofnegativeregulationofhumanMCactivationbythesereceptorshasemerged.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.2004;1(6):408-415.

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简介：Enteralnutritionhasbeenstronglyrecommendedbymajorscientificsocietiesforthenutritionalmanagementofpatientswithacutepancreatitis.Providingsevereacutepancreatitispatientswithenteralnutritionwithinthefirst24-48hofhospitaladmissioncanhelpimproveoutcomescomparedtoparenteralnutritionandnofeeding.Newresearchisfocusinginonwhenandwhattofeedtobestimproveoutcomesforacutepancreatitispatients.Earlyenteralnutritionhavethepotentialtomodulatetheimmuneresponses.Despitethisconsistentevidenceofearlyenteralnutritioninpatientswithacutepancreatitis,clinicalpracticecontinuestovaryduetoindividualclinicianpreference.Achievingtheimmunemodulatingeffectsofenteralnutritionheavilydependonproperplacementofthefeedingtubeandmanaginganytubefeedingassociatedcomplications.Thecurrentarticlereviewstheimmunemodulatingeffectsofenteralnutritionandpro-andprebioticsandsuggestssomepracticaltoolsthathelpimprovethepatientadherenceandtolerancetothetubefeeding.Properselectionofthetypeofthetube,closemonitoringofthetubeforitsplacement,patencyandsecuringitsproperplacementandroutinecheckingthegastricresidualvolumecouldallhelpimprovetheoutcome.Usingpeptide-basedandhighmediumchaintriglyceridesfeedingformulashelpimprovingfeedingtolerance.

简介：松锯工甲壳虫，Monochamusalternatus，在亚洲被认为是一个臭名昭著的森林害虫，vectoring侵略病原的线虫，Bursaphelenchusxylophilus，它被知道引起松枯萎疾病。然而，很少顺序信息都不为这向量甲壳虫是可得到的。这在它的免疫系统上妨碍了研究。基于M的transcriptome。alternatus，我们在M识别了并且描绘194immunityrelated基因。alternatus，并且从知道对入侵微生物展出有免疫力的回答的另外的种类把他们与相当或相同事物分子作比较。在M的通常认为的immunityrelated基因的更低的数字。alternatus被归因于更少Ctypelectin，丝氨酸朊酶(SP)和抗菌剂肽(安培)基因。种系发生的分析揭示了那M。alternatus有唯一的识别基因，galectin3，哪个没在Triboliumcastaneum被识别的orthologues，果蝇melanogastor，疟蚊属gambiae和Apismellifera。这为甲虫类之昆虫昆虫建议了lineagespecific基因进化。我们的学习提供M的immunityrelated基因的全面顺序资源。alternatus，为天生的免疫的分子的机制的更好的理解介绍珍贵信息在M处理。对B的alternatus。xylophilus。

简介：Thebiologicalimmunesystemisacomplexadaptivesystem.Therearelotsofbenefitsforbuildingthemodeloftheimmunesystem.Forbiologicalresearchers,theycantestsomehypothesesabouttheinfectionprocessorsimulatetheresponsesofsomedrugs.Forcomputerresearchers,theycanbuilddistributed,robustandfaulttolerantnetworksinspiredbythefunctionsoftheimmunesystem.Thispaperprovidesacomprehensivesurveyoftheliteraturesonmodellingtheimmunesystem.Fromthemethodologyperspective,thepapercomparesandanalyzestheexistingapproachesandmodels,andalsodemonstratesthefocusingresearcheffortonthefutureimmunemodelsinthenextfewyears.

简介：在血流动的Receptor-ligand相互作用是关键的作为煽动性的串联，血小板血栓，以及肿瘤转移开始生物过程。为了调停，房间粘附，交往的受体和ligands必须被抛锚到二个房间或一个房间和一个基础的二apposing表面上，即，二维(2D)绑定，与在到受体的液体阶段的可溶的ligand的绑定不同，三维(3D)有约束力。当众多的工作在免疫系统集中于receptor-ligand相互作用的3D动力学时，2D动力学和它的规定少些被理解，自从没有理论框架和试验性的试金被建立了直到1993。不仅分子的结构统治在血流动的力量也调整的2D绑定动力学，而是shear房间粘附由交往的受体和ligands调停了。这里，我们在2D绑定和规定提供了当前的进步的概述。理论框架，试验性的大小，运动的率和有约束力的亲密关系的相关问题，和力量规定，被讨论。

简介：Deareditors,Neurodegenerativediseasesarenowassociatedwiththeglobalobesityanddiabetesepidemicinthedevelopinganddevelopedworld.Neurodegenerativediseasesareaheterogeneousgroupofdisorderswithcomplexfactorssuchasneurohumoral,endocrineandenvironmentalfactorsinvolvedininductionoftheseneurodegenerativediseases.Thefutureofscienceandmedicineinneurodegenerativediseasesisnowdependentonnutritionalgenomicswithinsulinresistanceamajorfactorintheinductionofneurodegenerativediseases.Nutritionalgenomicsnowinvolvestheanti-aginggeneSirtuin1(Sirt1)thatisimportanttothepreventionofinsulinresistancewithitscriticalinvolvementintheimmunesystem(Martins,2018a,b).Sirt1inactivationleadstotoxicimmunereactionsconnectedtotheaccelerationofneurondeathinvariouscommunities.Appetitecontrolwithrelevancetoimmunometabolismhasbecomeofcriticalimportancetothetreatmentofneurodegeneration(Figure1).NutritionaldietsactivatetheheatshockgeneSirt1topreventtheincreaseinheatshockproteinsconnectedtoautoimmunedisease,mitophagy(Martins,2018a,b)andirreversibleprogrammedcelldeathinglobalpopulations(Figure1).

简介：AbstractHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that poses a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians, as the underlying etiology and pathogenesis remains unclear. The host of genetic mutations and immune dysfunction has been identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of HS during recent years. These genetic defects, including monogenetic mutations altering subunits of γ-secretase, a protease that functions through Notch signaling to maintain skin appendages, promote epithelial stability, suppress/terminate innate immune responses (ie, Toll-receptors), further have the propensity to induce aberrant cytokine responses that create to a proinflammatory environment, consequently induce hyperkeratosis and promote expression of pro-inflammatory, locally destructive matrix metalloproteinases. Cytokine-driven inflammation propagates the disease state of HS and contributes to the formation of painful subcutaneous nodules, abscesses, and eventually, fistulas and draining sinus tracts. A closer look at genetic mutations linked to the disease may explain the immune perturbations seen in HS. An understanding of the immune cells and inflammatory markers expressed in affected individuals provides insight into disease pathogenesis and can help identify therapeutic targets.