简介:<正>Byusingφ-mappingmethod,wediscussthetopologicalstructureoftheself-dualitysolutioninJackiw-Pimodelintermsofgaugepotentialdecomposition.WesetuprelationshipbetweenChern-Simonsvortexsolutionandtopologicalnumber,whichisdeterminedbyHopfindexandBrouwerdegree.Wealsogivethequantizationoffluxinthisease.Then,westudytheangularmomentumofthevortex,whichcanbeexpressedintermsof,theflux.
简介:Activationofthephosphoinositide3kinase(PI3K)/Akt/mammaliantargetofrapamycin(mTOR)pathwayiscommoninbreastcancer.Thereispreclinicaldatatosupportinhibitionofthepathway,andphaseⅠtoⅢtrialsinvolvinginhibitorsofthepathwayhavebeenorarebeingconductedinsolidtumorsandbreastcancer.Everolimus,anmTORinhibitor,iscurrentlyapprovedforthetreatmentofhormonereceptor(HR)-positive,humanepidermalgrowthfactorreceptor2(HER2)-negativebreastcancer.Inthisreview,wesummarisetheefficacyandtoxicityfindingsfromtherandomisedclinicaltrials,withsimplifiedguidelinesonthemanagementofpotentialadverseeffects.Educationofhealthcareprofessionalsandpatientsiscriticalforsafetyandcompliance.WhilethereissomeclinicalevidenceofactivityofmTORinhibitioninHR-positiveandHER2-positivebreastcancers,thebenefitsmaybemorepronouncedinselectedsubsetsratherthanintheoverallpopulation.FurtherdevelopmentofpredictivebiomarkerswillbeusefulintheselectionofpatientswhowillbenefitfrominhibitionofthePI3K/Akt/mTOR(PAM)pathway.
简介:Cytogeneticanalysiswasperformedforthebayscallop(ArgopectenirradiansLamarck1819)andtheJapanesescallop(PatinopectenyessoensisJay1857)byprimedinsitulabeling(PRINS)andpropidiumiodide(PI)bandingtechniques.ThePRINSanalysisrevealedthatmajorrRNAgeneswereclusteredintwolocionthetelomericregionsoftheshortarmsontwoacrocentricchromosomepairsinA.irradiansandontwosubmetacentricpairsinP.yessoensis.ThehistoneH3genesitesdifferedinnumberandlocationbetweenthesetwospecies.TheC-band-likepatternsrevealedbyPIstainingvariedconsiderablybetweenthesetwospecies.A.irradiansdisplayedterminalbandsatlongarmsonallchromosomes,centromericbandsonsomepairsandinterstitialbandsonfivepairs.P.yessoensisexhibitedonlycentromericbandsonallchromosomes.TheseresultswouldcontributetothebetterunderstandingofkaryotypeevolutioninA.irradiansandP.yessoensis.