简介：Wolbachia是感染大量节肢动物和丝虫的线虫的细胞内部的共生者。蚜虫从事与他们的endosymbionts的多样、复杂的关系。Wolbachia的四超群(A，B，M和N)以前在蚜虫和超群M被检测，N仅仅在蚜虫被发现。在这研究，我们在中国在蚜虫的自然人口检测了并且描述Wolbachia感染。三超群(A，B和M)在检验蚜虫种类被发现。超群M是优势的，而超群A和B仅仅在某些种类被检测。超群N没在这研究被发现。也就是，有在蚜虫的Wolbachia的四个感染模式有超群M的感染独自一个，有超群A和M，有超群B和M的合作感染，和有超群A，B和M的合作感染的合作感染。仅仅有超群M的感染的模式是通用的并且在所有评估亚科被发现。仅仅二个亚科，Aphidinae和Lachninae，表明了介绍所有四个感染模式。三个模式在Calaphidinae被观察(M，A&M，B&M)并且Eriosomatinae(M，B&M，A&B&M)。二个模式在Anoeciinae被观察(M，A&M)并且Greenideinae(M，B&M)，并且一仅仅模式(M)在Aphidoidea的留下的家庭或亚科被观察。这些结果显示在中国蚜虫的Wolbachia感染是普遍的。种系发生的分析建议超群M在中国在蚜虫的所有主人种类之中很快并且最近散布了的那Wolbachia。为这传播和它的机制的原因在他们的蚜虫主人上与Wolbachia的可能的效果一起被讨论。

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简介：AbstractIntraamniotic infection (IAI) or chorioamnionitis is a common cause of preterm birth and may cause adverse neonatal outcomes, including neonatal pneumonia, respiratory distress, meningitis, sepsis, and death. Maternal morbidities from intraamniotic infection include dysfunctional labor requiring increased intervention, cesarean birth, postpartum uterine atony with hemorrhage, endometritis, peritonitis, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome and, rarely, death. Chorioamnionitis can result from an ascending infection, iatrogenic causes or transplacental passage from maternal blood-borne infections. The clinical findings of chorioamnionitis include maternal fever (≥38 °C), maternal (>100 beats per minute) and/or fetal tachycardia (>160 beats per minute), maternal leukocytosis on complete blood count (>15 000 cells/mm3), and uterine tenderness and/or purulent and/or foul-smelling amniotic fluid. The management of chorioamnionitis mainly includes antibiotic therapy and delivery. Women with previable preterm premature rupture of membranes should be offered realistic counseling from a multidisciplinary approach. The separation of the mother and the fetus to preserve the life of the mother should prioritize delivery methods that result in a living fetus if possible, with appropriate neonatal resuscitation available.

简介：AbstractBackground:The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic hit South America badly with multiple waves. Different COVID-19 variants have been storming across the region, leading to more severe infections and deaths even in places with high vaccination coverage. This study aims to assess the spatiotemporal variability of the COVID-19 pandemic and estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR), infection attack rate (IAR) and reproduction number (R0) for twelve most affected South American countries.Methods:We fit a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR)-based model with a time-varying transmission rate to the reported COVID-19 deaths for the twelve South American countries with the highest mortalities. Most of the epidemiological datasets analysed in this work are retrieved from the disease surveillance systems by the World Health Organization, Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center and Our World in Data. We investigate the COVID-19 mortalities in these countries, which could represent the situation for the overall South American region. We employ COVID-19 dynamic model with-and-without vaccination considering time-varying flexible transmission rate to estimate IFR, IAR and R0 of COVID-19 for the South American countries.Results:We simulate the model in each scenario under suitable parameter settings and yield biologically reasonable estimates for IFR (varies between 0.303% and 0.723%), IAR (varies between 0.03 and 0.784) and R0 (varies between 0.7 and 2.5) for the 12 South American countries. We observe that the severity, dynamical patterns of deaths and time-varying transmission rates among the countries are highly heterogeneous. Further analysis of the model with the effect of vaccination highlights that increasing the vaccination rate could help suppress the pandemic in South America.Conclusions:This study reveals possible reasons for the two waves of COVID-19 outbreaks in South America. We observed reductions in the transmission rate corresponding to each wave plausibly due to improvement in nonpharmaceutical interventions measures and human protective behavioral reaction to recent deaths. Thus, strategies coupling social distancing and vaccination could substantially suppress the mortality rate of COVID-19 in South America.

简介：AbstractChronic wounds have always been a tough fight in clinical practice, which can not only make patients suffer from pain physically and mentally but also impose a heavy burden on the society. More than one factor is relevant to each step of the development of chronic wounds. Along with the in-depth research, we have realized that figuring out the pathophysiological mechanism of chronic wounds is the foundation of treatment, while wound infection is the key point concerned. The cause of infection should be identified and prevented promptly once diagnosed. This paper mainly describes the mechanism, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of chronic wound infection, and will put an emphasis on the principle of debridement.

简介：AbstractBismuth-containing quadruple therapy (BQT) has long been recommended for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication in China. Meanwhile, in the latest national consensus in China, dual therapy (DT) comprising an acid suppressor and amoxicillin has also been recommended. In recent years, the eradication rate of H. pylori has reached >90% using DT, which has been used not only as a first-line treatment but also as a rescue treatment. Compared with BQT, DT has great potential for H. pylori eradication; however, it has some limitations. This review summarizes the development of DT and its application in H. pylori eradication. The H. pylori eradication rates of DT were comparable to or even higher than those of BQT or standard triple therapy, especially in the first-line treatment. The incidence of adverse events associated with DT was lower than that with other therapies. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the effects of dual and quadruple therapies on gastrointestinal microecology. In the short term, H. pylori eradication causes certain fluctuations in the gastrointestinal microbiota; however, in the long term, the gastrointestinal microbiota eventually returns to its normal state. In the penicillin-naïve population, patients receiving DT have a high eradiation rate, better compliance, lower incidence of adverse reactions, and lower primary and secondary resistance to amoxicillin. These findings suggest the safety, efficacy, and potential of DT for H. pylori eradication.

简介：ThisarticleisageneralreviewoftheevolvementofHIV/AIDS-relatedpublicpoliciesinChinasince1980's.Ittrackstheimportantlaws,regulationsandothergovernmentaldocumentsinregardtoHIV/AIDSpreventionmainlyatcentrallevel.

简介：新闻事件：2016年2月24日。26名在陕西省镇安县医院进行血液透析的患者被确认感染丙肝病毒。据有关部门初步调查，此次感染为医院医务人员违规操作所致。据了解，对26名已确诊的丙肝病毒感染者，医院将制订诊疗方案，对他们实行免费治疗。陕西省卫计委事件调查组已作出决定，对镇安县医院院长给予党内聱告，分管副院长给予行政记过处分，并免去二人职务。目前共有15人受到党纪政纪处分。

简介：ProteomicshasbeenwidelyusedinthelastfewyearstolookfornewbiomarkersanddecipherthemechanismofHIV-hostinteraction.Herein,wereviewtherecentdevelopmentsofHIV/AIDSproteomicresearch,includingthesamplesusedinHIV/AIDSrelatedresearch,thetechnologiesusedforproteomicstudy,thediagnosisbiomarkersofHIV-associateddiseaseespeciallyHIV-associatedneurocognitiveimpairment,themechanismsofHIV-hostinteraction,HIV-associateddementia,substanceabuse,andsoon.Intheendofthisreview,wealsogivesomeprospectsaboutthelimitationandfutureimprovementofHIV/AIDSproteomicresearch.

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简介：AbstractBackground:Human brucellosis is a neglected public health issue in China and reports of HIV-infected individuals complicated with brucellosis are rare. This report describes the case of an HIV-infected patient complicated with brucellosis. We want to raise awareness of clinical diagnosis of brucellosis among clinicians. Furthermore, we should be more concerned about cases with pyrexia of unknown origin, especially in non-epidemic areas of brucellosis in China.Case presentation:We encountered the case of a 31-year-old HIV-infected male with a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of approximately 300. On May 1, 2019, the patient had onset of non-specific caustic irregular fever with body temperature reaching 41.0 ℃. He was admitted to two medical institutions in Yunnan with pyrexia of unknown origin. Finally, on day 7 of hospitalization in the Public Health Clinical Medical Center in Chengdu City, he was diagnosed as having brucellosis infection based on blood culture results.Conclusions:This is the first reported case of brucellosis concomitant with HIV infection in China. Laboratories in infectious disease hospitals and category A level III hospitals in the southern provinces of China should be equipped with reagents for clinical diagnosis of brucellosis and to strengthen the awareness of brucellosis diagnosis in China. Secondly, in provinces with a high incidence of AIDS and brucellosis such as Xinjiang and Henan, it is recommended to implement a joint examination strategy to ensure the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of this infection.

简介：Liverinjuryisacharacteristicfeatureofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)infection,whichisthesecondmostcommoncauseofmortalityinHIV-infectedpatients.NowitisrecognizedthatliverplaysakeyroleinHIVinfectionpathogenesis.Antiretroviraltherapy(ART),whichsuppressesHIVinfectioninpermissiveimmunecells,islesseffectiveinhepatocytes,therebymakingthesecellsasilentreservoirofHIVinfection.InadditiontodirecthepatotoxiceffectsofHIV,certainARTtreatmentmodalitiesprovidehepatotoxiceffects.TheexactmechanismsofHIV-triggeredchronichepatitisprogressionarenotelucidated,buttheliverisadverselyaffectedbyHIV-infectionandlivercellsareprominentlyinvolvedinHIV-elicitedinjury.Theseeffectsarepotentiatedbysecondhitslikealcohol.Here,wewillfocusontheincidenceofHIV,clinicalevidenceofHIVrelatedliverdamage,interactionsbetweenHIVandlivercellsandtheroleofalcoholandco-infectionwithhepatotropicvirusesinliverinflammationandfibrosisprogression.

简介：BackgroundThepurposeofotomicrosurgeryinmoderntimesistoachievecompleteremovalofdisease,whichisthebasisforhearingrehabilitation.Artificialossiclesareimportantforhearingrehabilitation.Oneofthematerialsishydroxyapatitethatactsasossicularreplacementprosthesis(HAprosthesis,PORP&TORP)andiscommonlyusedassubstituteboneinclinics.AlthoughHAprosthesesfeaturegoodbiocompatibility,stabilityandcertainresistancetoinfection,thestructureofthematerialcanbedecomposedandabsorbed.Baseduponanimalexperimentsandclinicalapplication,thisarticleexplorestheinfectivityofHAprosthesesandinfluencingfactors.MaterialsandMethodsHAprostheseswereimplantedinthebullainguineapigs.InfectedHAprostheseswereexaminedunderascanningelectronmicroscope.NinetypatientsimplantedwithHAprostheseswerefollowedformorethan3months.Fivecasesthathadundergonerevisionoperationswerereported.ResultsScanningelectronicmicroscopyshowedthatthenormalcompactstructureshaddisappearedandbecomelooseininfectedHAprostheses,withtheirmicroporesinfiltratedwitheffusion,fibroustissueandinflammatorycells.Asaresult,thenormalceramicstructurewasdecomposedandthemicroporesstructuredisappeared.TheinfectedmesotympanuminthereportedcasesalsoledtoHAinfection.Theshapeandstructureofboneweredestroyed,whichwasvisiblebyvisualexaminationandlightmicroscopy.Theprocessofcholesteatomarecurrencewasalwaysassociatedwithinfection,althoughtheHAprosthesiswassometimesspared.ConclusionWhileHAprosthesisisanti-infectivetosomeextent,long-terminfectionandcholesteatomarecurrencecanleadtodestructionanddecompositionofHAprostheses.Long-terminfectedmiddleearcavity,dysfunctionalEustachiantube,residualandrecurrentcholesteatomaandotherfactorscancausedecompositionofHAprosthesisandresultinhearingloss.

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简介：AbstractObjective:Genital chlamydial infection is a globally common sexually transmitted infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the disease reported in China in 2019.Methods:Genital chlamydial infection cases were identified in 105 national sexually transmitted disease surveillance sites from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System, which covers 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in Chinese mainland. Data were collected and used to calculate the overall incidence, and the incidences per surveillance site, province, sex, and age group.Results:In 2019, there were 50,874 new cases of genital chlamydial infection reported in China, corresponding to an incidence of 55.32 cases per 100,000 population, and comprising a 9.98% increase from 2018 (50.30 cases per 100,000 population). The highest incidences of genital chlamydial infection occurred in Zhejiang, Guangdong province, Guangxi autonomous region, and Hainan province (average 137.49-233.37 cases per 100,000 population). The incidence of genital chlamydial infection was much higher in females than males, with a female-to-male ratio of 3.09 (84.55 per 100,000 population vs 27.35 per 100,000 population). The highest incidence of genital chlamydial infection was reported in the 20-24-year age group (184.70 cases per 100,000 population), followed by the 25-29-year age group (180.79 cases per 100,000) and 30-34-year age group (151.53 cases per 100,000 population). The highest proportion (68.30%) of genital chlamydial infection was reported from general hospitals, followed by maternal and child health hospitals (25.59%).Conclusion:The incidence rate of genital chlamydial infection in 2019 has an increase trend from 2018 and be a common sexually transmitted infection in China. The incidence is much higher in females than in males. Sexually active young adults are the highest risk population. There is substantial geographic diversity in incidence, with the highest incidence occurring in the southeast coastal areas with a developed economy. Epidemic of genital chlamydial infection in China should be concerned, and its surveillance needs to be improved.

简介：HIVinfectionandAIDShasemergedasamajorpublichealthproblemallovertheworld.Inthe1980s,theinfectionwasfirstfoundtobetransmittedthroughhomosexualactivityandbloodproducttransfusion.Nowitisspreadingamongheterosexualsandinjectiondrugusers,andcanbetransmittedfrommotherstoinfants.

简介：BackgroundPostoperativewoundinfectionwasfrequentlyreportedinpatientsundergoingheartvalvereplacementandcoronaryarterybypasssurgery(CABG)duetomajortrauma,long-termbedrest,malnutritionandcompromisedimmunesystem.Infectedpatientswereusuallyhousedinthesameairborneinfectionisolationrooms.Aseriesofairmonitoringandcontrolstrategiesshouldbestrictlyenforcedtoaimatavoidingairbornefungalcontaminationandachievinghighercurerateininfectedpatients.TheefficacyofAirinspaceplasmairsysteminreducingairbornefungalcontaminationincardiacpostoperativeinfectionwardshasnotbeenclearlydetermined.MethodsAsurveyofaircontaminationwasconductedinthecardiacpostoperativeinfectionwardusingAirinspaceplasmairsystem.Laserparticlecounterwasusedtodeterminetheairborneparticlesof0.3μm?and0.5μm?insize.Airsampleswereincubatedandexaminedforfungaldevelopment.AirborneparticlecountsandfungalloadsofairsamplescollectedbeforeandaftertreatmentwithAirinspaceplasmairsystemwerecompared.ResultsTheparticlecountsin0.3μmrangecollectedbefore(52206<2345)andafter(9408<4317)treatedwithAirinspaceplasmairsystemdifferedsignificantly(P<0.01).Theparticlecountsin0.5μmrangebefore(12995<422)andafter(2016<915)treatmentwithAirinspaceplasmairsystemalsodifferedsignificantly(P<0.01).ThefungalloadsbeforeandafterusingAirinspaceplasmairsystemshowedsignificantdifference[(1975.3<356.1)cfu/m3vs.(193.83<29.5)cfu/m3,P<0.01].ConclusionAirinspaceplasmairsystemusedincardiacpostoperativeinfectionwardshasshownremarkableefficacyinreducingairborneparticlesandfungalcontaminationandhelpespreventcrossinfection.

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简介：Thepurposeofthisstudyistodistinguishrespiratorysyncytialvirus(RSV)infectionandimmunologybetweenimmunocompetentandimmunocompromisedmurineandtoexploreimmunemechanismofRSVinfection.AtvarioustimepointsafterRSVinfectionofBALB/cmiceandnudemice,pulmonaryviraltiterswereassayed,RSVantigenwastestedbydirectimmune-fluorescentassayandimmunohistochemistry.PulmonarymRNAexpressionsofTolllikereceptor(TLR)2andTLR4wereassayedbyRT-PCR.CD4+cellsandCD8+cellsinperipheralbloodwereexaminedbyflowcytometryandplasmatotalIgEwasassayedbyELISA.Leukocytesinbronchoalveolarlavagefluid(BALF)andpulmonaryhistologywereidentifiedtoreflectairwayinflammation.ItwasfoundthatRSVtitersofbothmicepeakedonthe3rddaypostinfectionwithamuchhigherlevelofviraltiterinnudemicethaninBALB/cmiceandalongerviraldurationinnudemice(over9dayspostinfection)thaninBALB/cmice(6dayspostinfection).RSVinfectioninducedhigherviralantigenexpressioninnudemice(0.267±0.045)thaninBALB/cmice(0.168±0.031).RSVinfectionenhancedpulmonaryTLR4expressionofBALB/cmice(51.96%±11.34%)andnudemice(48.96%±12.35%)comparedwitheachcontrol(34.04%±10.06%and32.37%±9.87%respectively).CD4+peripheralbloodcellsincreasedinRSVinfectedBALB/cmice(66.51%±2.09%)comparedwiththecontrolBALB/cmice(51.63%±5.90%),andCD4+cellsandCD8+cellsweredeficientinnudemice.RSVinfectionincreasedplasmatotalIgEinbothmice,andBALB/cmicehadalargeramountofIgEonthe7thdaypostinfection(9.02ng/ml±2.90ng/ml)andonthe14thdaypostinfection(12.76ng/ml±4.15ng/ml)thancorrespondingnudemice(3.72ng/ml±1.06ng/mland7.62ng/ml±3.08ng/mlrespectivelyonthe7thand14thdaypostinfection).RSVinfectednudemicehadmoresevereairwayinflammationthaninfectedBALB/cmice.ItisconcludedthatBALB/cmiceandnudemicepresentedsimilarRSVinfectiouscharacteristics.However,

简介：AbstractPeriprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is the most difficult complication following total joint arthroplasty. Most of the etiological strains, accounting for over 98% of PJI, are bacterial species, with Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-negative staphylococci present in between 50% and 60% of all PJIs. Fungi, though rare, can also cause PJI in 1%—2% of cases and can be challenging to manage. The management of this uncommon but complex condition is challenging due to the absence of a consistent algorithm. Diagnosis of fungal PJI is difficult as isolation of the organisms by traditional culture may take a long time, and some of the culture-negative PJI can be caused by fungal organisms. In recent years, the introduction of next-generation sequencing has provided opportunity for isolation of the infective organisms in culture-negative PJI cases. The suggested treatment is based on consensus and includes operative and non-operative measures. Two-stage revision surgery is the most reliable surgical option for chronic PJI caused by fungi. Pharmacological therapy with antifungal agents is required for a long period of time with antibiotics and included to cover superinfections with bacterial species. The aim of this review article is to report the most up-to-date information on the diagnosis and treatment of fungal PJI with the intention of providing clear guidance to clinicians, researchers and surgeons.