简介:Background:Theeffectofforestfireonsoiliscomplexandrelativelylessunderstoodthanitsabovegroundeffect.Understandingtheeffectoffireonforestsoilscanallowimprovingmanagementofvaluableforestecosystemsasadequateandproperinformationisveryimportantforefficientmanagement.Wehavestudiedtherecoveryofsoilpropertiesafterfire,usingachronosequenceapproach(two,fiveandfifteenyearsafterfireandcontrol).Soilsampleswerecollectedfromeachplotoffourfirepatches(B0,B2,B5&B15)fromthreedifferentdepthsviz.0–10(Top),10–20(Middle),and20–30cm(Bottom).Results:Soilorganiccarbonwaslowerthanunburnedplotsafterthefireandcouldnotrecovertothelevelofunburnedplot(B0)evenin15years.TotalN,availableP,andextractableKwerelower2-yearsand5-yearsafterthefirebutarehigherthanunburnedplotafter15-years.Availablenitrogen(NO3^-andNH4^+)remainunchangedorhigherthanB0inburnedpatches.SoilpH,BulkDensity,WaterHoldingCapacity,andElectricalConductivitywaslowerinitiallyafterthefire.Forestfireshaveaffectedsoilpropertiesconsiderably.Theresponseofsoilpropertiesvariedwithyearsafterfireandsoildepth.Conclusion:Forestfiresoccurveryfrequentlyinthestudyarea.Significantquantitiesofcarbonandtotalnitrogenarelosttotheatmospherebyburningoflitter,duff,andsoilOM.Becausenitrogenisoneofthemostimportantsoilnutrients,therecaptureofNlostbyvolatilizationduringafiremustreceivespecialattention.Long-termstudiesarerequiredtobetterunderstandtherecoveryofsoilnitrogen.
简介:植物材料的使用作为土壤修正案是在在迦纳的主要耕作社区之中的一个不平常的惯例,尽管它为土壤富饶改进是必要的。土壤修正案的效果的考试是必要的鼓励under-utilized的使用在迦纳的器官的资源。因此,一个地实验用作为测试庄稼为西红柿的生长作为土壤修正案与鸡粪肥混合的8不同热带植物材料被进行。植物材料包括了Leucaenaleucocephala,Centrosemapubescens,Sesbaniasesban,Gliricidiasepium,Mucunapruriens,Puerariaphaseoloides,Azadirachtaindica,和Theobroma可可子。有二个另外的处理:有有没有化肥输入(控制)的化肥和其它的相等的数量的。植物材料与鸡粪肥被混合获得一致carbon-to-nitrogen(C:N)5:1的比率。除了没有化肥控制,所有处理收到了氮(N)的一样的数量。在土壤澄清植物材料的分解模式,一个孵化实验在地实验前用仅仅植物材料被进行。Gliricidia处理显著地在孵化实验比另外的植物材料释放了更多的矿物质N。然而,西红柿水果收益没在地实验在Gliricidia处理被提高。测试植物材料的已知的优秀参数例如全部的N,总计碳(C),C:N比率,和全部的多酚,他们的矿化作用动力学上的有的最小的效果。Azadirachta通过显著地增加微生物引起的生物资源和水果西红柿产出的土壤与鸡肉粪肥显示出最好的synergistic效果。这结果在小规模的农业资源作为一个土壤修正案在联合向卓见提供进Azadirachta的可能的采纳鸡粪肥。
简介:Arbuscularmycorrhizal(AM)共生者能极大地影响土壤富饶。然而,在AM共生发展层次之间的关系和柠檬mycorrhizosphere玷污微弱地在地里知道的富饶遗体。在我们的学习,AM殖民,孢子密度,菌丝的长度密度,和在柠檬(柠檬reticulataBlanco上的Robertson海军的橘子grafted)的glomalin相关的土壤蛋白质(GRSP)内容,沿着一个高度的坡度的果园在南部的中国季节地被调查。结果显示出那AM殖民和许多孢子,hyphae在不同季节和高度显著地波动。最高的AM殖民(83.03%)在夏天在海水平上面在200m在果园被观察,在在在秋天的400m的果园的孢子密度(16.8孢子g−1土壤),并且在在在夏天的600个m果园的果园的菌丝的长度密度(2.36mg−1土壤);当时最低价值(43.60%,2.7孢子g−1土壤和0.52mg−1AM殖民,孢子密度,和菌丝的长度玷污密度,分别地)都在冬季在800m在果园被观察。关联分析证明象土壤有机物,alkali-hydrolyzableN,可得到的P,和pH那样的土壤性质是显著地(P<0.05)断然与任何一个柠檬总数AM殖民或许多孢子和hyphae相关。GRSP是显著地(P<0.05)断然与土壤有机物和pH相关。冗余性分析支持了那严重地玷污象高度,GRSP,土壤有机物,和alkali-hydrolyzableN那样的环境因素(蒙特卡罗排列测试,P=0.002)在柠檬果园的影响AM殖民和许多孢子和hyphae。我们的数据表明了环境因素是的那土壤在在柠檬果园决定AM共生开发重要。
简介:Basedonlongtermandstationaryresearch,thetemporalandspatialpatternsanddynamiclawsofsoilwatercontentinMinqindesertareawerestudied.Someresultsareasfollows:(1)ThechangeofsoilwatercontentindifferentyearsisnotobviouslyinshrubsandduneofNitrariasibiricaandTamarixramosissima,butitwasgreatinshiftingsanddune,themaximumis2.538%;(2)Theseasondynamicscanbedividedintothreestages:accumulating,consumingandstable;(3)Theverticalchangeofsoilwa...
简介:Biochar是生物资源热分解获得并且考虑了碳隐遁的一个平均数的一个充满碳的产品。在这研究,从食物与农业科学的学院的农场的沙的石灰质的土壤,绍德国王大学,沙特阿拉伯,与也被修改Conocarpus直立的L的木质的废物。(CW)或biochar(BC)以0的率(控制)从CW生产了,10,30和50gkg−1。土壤pH,溶解的器官的碳(文档),微生物引起的生物资源碳(MBC),公司2排放和新陈代谢的商上的修正案的效果(沙的石灰质的土壤的qCO2)在一个60-d孵化实验被学习。结果证明CW的增加与控制和BC的增加相比在土壤pH导致了重要减少。公司2-C排放率比孵化时间什么时候进行在孵化的开始几天内是更高的。特别以更高的率,从与CW修改的土壤的累积公司2-C排放更高(近似到6褶层的3-)与BC从控制和土壤比那修改了。修改BC的土壤证明因为与非修改的土壤,而是累积公司2-C的增加相比排放不在孵化的60d以后是重要的,公司2-C排放的重要增加在孵化的第一天期间评价。在另一方面,CW应用比控制和BC应用导致了更加更高累积的公司2-C排放,MBC和文档。与0白天的异常(在孵化的1h以后),导致的CW和BC应用程序作为与控制相比降低qCO2的值。力量功能运动模型令人满意地描述了累积公司2-C排放。通常,公司2排放的最低价值与BC在土壤被观察,建议到公司2排放的BC的贡献作为与CW的相比很小。
简介:AfieldexperimentwasconductedatKezuohouqiCounty,InnerMongoliaAutonomousRegionofChina,whichwaslocatedonthesoutheasternedgeoftheHorqinSandyLand,tostudythespatialvariabilityofsoilnutrientsforasmallscale,nutrient-poor,sandysiteinasemi-aridregionofnorthernChina;toinvestigatewhetherornottherewere'islandsoffertility'attheexperimentalsite;andtodeterminethekeynutrientelementsthatsustainedecosystemstability.Resultsobtainedfromgeostatisticalanalysisindicatedthatthespatialdistributionpatternofsoiltotalnitrogen(STN)wasfardifferentfromthoseofsoilorganicmatter(SOM),totalphosphorus(STP),andtotalpotassium(STK).ComparedtoSOM,STP,andSTK,STNhadalowerstructuralheterogeneityratioandalongerrange,whileotherelementswereallsimilar.Inaddition,STNhadanisotropicspatialstructure,whereastheothershadananisotropicspatialstructure.Thespatialstructurepatternsofherbagespecies,cover,andheightalsodiffered,indicatingthatspatialvariabilitywassubjectedtodifferentecologicalfactors.Differencesinthespatialvariabilitypatternsamongsoilnutrientsandvegetationpropertiesshowedthatsoilnutrientsforasmall-scalewerenottheprimarylimitingfactorsthatinfluencedherbagespatialdistributionpatterns.Incorporatingspatialdistributionpatternsoftreespecies,namely,Pinussylvestrisvar.mongolicaLitv.andshrubLespedezabicolorTurcz.inaresearchplotandusingfractaldimension,SOM,STP,andSTKwereshowntocontributetothe'islandsoffertility'phenomenon,howeverSTNwasnot,possiblymeaningthatnitrogenwasakeylimitingelement.Therefore,duringrestorationofsimilarecosystemsmoreattentionshouldbegiventosoilnitrogen.
简介:TheabsorptionandenrichmentofheavymetalelementsbyleavesofPopulus×euramericanacv.’Neva’wereanalyzedthroughcontentassessingofheavymetalelementsinsoilsofthreeforestlandsatFangshanDistrictinthesouthernsuburbofBeijing.TheseforestlandswithP.×euramericanacv.’Neva’plantationwerearoundwiththevarioussourcesofpollutionsuchascementmill,stonemill,sewageandgarbage.SomeofheavymetalelementssuchasCd,Pb,Cu,andZnwerefoundinthesoilsamplesandleavesofP.×euramericanacv.’Neva’grownonthethreeforestlandswhichwereinvestigated.TheresultsofinvestigationshowedthatthesoilsofthreeforestlandswerepollutedwithPb,Cd,CuandZninvaryingdegrees.ThecontentsofPb,CuandZninsoilsweresignificantlydifferentamongthethreeforestlands,whereastheaveragecontentofCd(0.0776mg·kg-1)waslessbutthatofPb,Cu,andZn(37.61,26.25and90.3mg·kg-1)weremorethantheaveragebackgroundvalueofBeijing.ThecontentsofPb,Cd,CuandZninleavesofP.×euramericanacv.’Neva’weredifferentamongthreeforestlands.Withthechangesofheavymetalcontentsinsoilsamples,therewasnoregularityonthechangesofdifferentheavymetalcontentsinleavesofP.×euramericanacv.’Neva’grownondifferentforestland.P.×euramericanacv.’Neva’canabsorbandaccumulatePb,Cd,CuandZninsoilbutshoweddifferentcapacitiesofabsorptionandaccumulationwiththeorderofCd>Zn>Cu>Pb.Especially,itsabsorptionandaccumulationcapacityforCdwasstrongwithmaximumenrichmentfactorhigherthan16andshowedhighaccumulationonlowbackground,whereasitsenrichmentcapacitiesforPbandCuwererelativelypoorerwithaverageenrichmentfactoroflessthan1.Atdifferentforestlands,thereexistedgreatdifferenceonabsorptioncapacityofP.×euramericanacv.’Neva’withthesameheavymetal.
简介:更好在土壤上理解森林继任的效果微生物引起的活动,土壤的比较微生物引起的性质和营养素在代表自然森林继任chronosequence的三种森林类型之间被进行。学习比较了松(Pinusmassoniana)森林(P松和阔叶烟草混合了的F),森林(MF)并且一常绿树阔叶烟草森林(BYingzuijie生物圈储备地的F),,湖南省,中国。结果显示出那土壤在MF和BF阴谋比在PF阴谋。在微生物引起的生物资源碳的范围与B有最大的价值的F,5221022?mg?kg1,由MF368569?mg?kg1,并且最后,PF193449?mg?kg1。土壤营养素更强烈比基础呼吸或新陈代谢的商与微生物引起的生物资源碳被相关。总的来说,在学习地点的森林继任改善了玷污微生物引起的性质并且玷污富饶,它能接着增加主要生产率和碳隐遁。
简介:在空间插值以内集成陆地使用类型和另外的地理信息作为一个答案被建议了改进土壤营养素在地区性的规模印射的表演和精确性。这研究开发了一条非算法途径,即,到单个土地使用类型而非到整个分水岭,适用的反的距离weighting(IDW)和平常的kriging(好)总计C(TC)决定这是否在印射土壤改进了表演,总计N(TN),并且在在东南中国城市化分水岭的200-km2总计P(TP)。四种陆地使用类型被视觉解释作为森林土地,农业陆地,绿陆地,和城市的土地识别。150件土壤样品(0-10厘米)根据陆地使用类型和补丁尺寸被拿。结果证明非算法来临,基于单个土地,使用打的插值,实质地为在分水岭印射TC,TN,和TP改进了IDW和好的表演。根均方差被3.9%为TC减少,10.7%为TN,并且25.9%为由IDW的应用程序的TP当由好的改进为TC作为0.9%稍微更低时,7.7%为TN,并且18.1%为TP。基于单个土地,使用视觉上打的插值由整个分水岭相对插值在分水岭为TC,TN,和TP改进了空间模式的描写。实质的改进可能与更稠密的采样点被期望。我们建议这条非算法途径可能提供一种选择给基于算法的途径描绘分水岭规模营养素模式。
简介:氨(NH3)挥发在土壤headspace是在碱的土壤,和NH3集中的氮损失的重要小径之一直接与NH3挥发被连接。氨被Fourier变换描绘中间红外线的photoacoustic光谱学(FTIR舞步)和在8501200厘米1的区域的二个典型吸收乐队被观察,它能在土壤headspace被用于NH3集中的预言。从诺思中国的碱的土壤在三个授精处理(没有N输入(CK)的控制,脲和涂的脲)下面涉及土壤孵化,壶和地实验。在土壤headspace的氨集中在每个实验被决定。在土壤孵化实验,NH3排出物被N输入开始,在白天2上到达了最高的集中,并且减少了到在在8d以后的CK测量了的水平,与在与涂的脲处理相比的脲处理的显著地更高的NH3排出物,特别在开始的4d期间。在壶实验的土壤headspace的NH3集中在孵化实验作为那显示出类似的动力学;然而,在在地实验的土壤headspace的NH3集中孵化和壶实验与那些表明了一个显著地不同的排放模式,并且为NH3集中有4-d延期。因此,在孵化的NH3集中和壶实验不能直接被用来象土壤温度和土壤骚乱一样在授精方法和申请率由于差别在这块地里为真实NH3排放建模。在控制版本的授精和参与以后在第二个星期内点亮灌溉,这被推荐涂的脲能被用来显著地减少从NH3挥发的观点的N损失。
简介:Afieldtestwiththetraditionalrotationofpaddyrice/uplandcrop(wheat)wascarriedoutonapaddysoilderivedfromredearthtoelucidatetheeffectoforganicmanureonthephoshporusadsorption-desorptionbysoilanditsPavailability.Soilsamplesweretakenfromdifferenttreatmentsatricehavestingstageandanalysed.TheisothermaladsorptionofPbythesamplesfittedverywellwithLangmuirequation,andhence,theparametersintheequation,i.e.,maximumadsorption(qm),constantrelatedtobondingenergy(k)andtheirproduct(k×qm)couldbeusedasacomprehensiveindextocharacterizethepotentialPadsorptivityofthesoil.Organo-inorganicfertilizationandorganicmanuringcoulddecreaseqmandk,whilemineralPapplicationhadlittleeffectonthem.TheisothermaldesorptionofPwassignificantlycorrelatedwithinitiallyaddedandisothermallyadsorbedP.PartofPaddedwasfixed,whichrepresentedthePfixationcapactyofsoil,andorganicmanuringcouldobviouslylowerthePfixation,ThecontentofsoilavailablePhadasignificantnegativecorrelationwithqm,kandfixedP.ItisconcluedthatorganicmanurecouldincreasethePavailabilityofpaddysoilderviedfromredearthbydecreasingqm.k,maximumbufferingcapacity(MBC=k×qm)andfixationcapacity.
简介:Soilmicrobesmaybecriticalplayersindeterminingtheallelopathicpotentialofsomeplants.LowlevelsofplantcommunitybiodiversityinEucalyptusplantationshavebeenattributedtotheallelopathicpotentialofthesetreespecies.TheroleofsoilmicrobesintheallelopathiceffectofleafleachatesofthehybridtreeEucalyptusgrandis9E.urophylla,wastestedinPetridishassayswithBrassicachinensisasareceiverplant.Soilswerecollectedfromeitheralocalgarden(soilA)oraEucalyptusplantation(soilB)andhalfofeachsoilwassterilizedtoremovemicrobes.ThesesoilswerethentreatedwithE.grandis9E.urophyllaleachatesfor0-72h.SeedgerminationofB.chinensiswassignificantlyinhibitedinsoilstreatedwithleafleachatesrelativetountreatedsoils.Theinhibitoryeffectoftheleafleachateswasmorepronouncedinsterilizedsoils.Totalphenoliccontentwasobviouslowerinnonsterileleachatetreatedsoilsthaninsterilesoils.BiomassofB.chinensiswasnegativelycorrelatedwiththetotalphenoliccontentinsoils.OurfindingssuggestthatsoilmicrobescanalleviatetheallelopathicpotentialofEucalyptusandtherebyitsnegativeimpactonplantgrowth.
简介:Miningactivitiesleaverawandpartlyartificialsoilsondumpsandtips.Apriorobjectiveoflandreclamationinsuchareasistorestoreandcultivatenewsoilswhichwillfulfiltheirfunctionsasahabitatforplantsandanimalsandasaregulatorinthecyclingofmatterandwaterinthelandscapeaswellasaproductionsiteforagricultureorforestry.Thispapergivesanoverviewonmajorchallengesandprinciplesofsoilreclamationforagricultureandforestry,reportingsomeresultsofresearch...
简介:Soilnitrogenpools(NP),denitrification(DN),grossnitrification(GN),N2OandCO2fluxrateswiththeirresponsestotemperatureincreasesweredeterminedunderfivedifferentlandusesandmanagementsinasubalpineforest-grasslandecotoneoftheeasternTibetanPlateau.Landusesconsistedof1)sparsewoodland,2)shrub-land,3)naturalpasture,4)fencedpasture,and5)tilledpasturemimickingagradientdegeneratingecosystemundergrazingimpacts.TheNO3--NcontentwashigherthantheNH4+-Ncontent.Comparingtilledpasturewithfencedpastureshowedthathigherintensivemanagement(tillage)ledtoasignificantdecreaseofsoilorganicmatter(SOM)(P<0.05)inthesoils,whichwasincontrasttothesignificantincreases(P<0.05)ofDN,GN,N2OandCO2fluxrates.GN(excludingtilledpasture)andCO2fluxratesincreasedwithatemperaturerise,butDNandN2Ofluxratesnormallyreachedtheirmaximumvaluesat12-14℃withtilledpasture(thehighestmanagementintensity)beingverysensitivetotemperatureincreases.TherewasadifferencebetweennetnitrificationandGN,withGNbeingabetterindicatorofsoilnitrification.
简介:Soilsalinityandhydrologicdatasetswereassembledtoanalyzethespatio-temporalvariabilityofsalinizationinFengqiuCounty,HenanProvince,China,inthealluvialplainofthelowerreachesoftheYellowRiver.Thesalinesoilandgroundwaterdepthdataofthecountyin1981wereobtainedtoserveasahistoricalreference.Electricalconductivity(EC)of293surfacesoilsamplestakenfrom2km×2kmgridsin2007and40soilprofilesacquiredin2008wasanalyzedandusedforcomparativemapping.OrdinarykrigingwasappliedtopredictECatunobservedlocationstoderivethehorizontalandverticaldistributionpatternsandvariationofsoilsalinity.Groundwatertabledatafrom22observationwellsin2008werecollectedandusedasinputforregressionkrigingtopredictthemaximumgroundwaterdepthofthecountyin2008.ChangesinthegroundwaterlevelofFengqiuCountyin27yearsfrom1981to2008wascalculated.Twoquantitativecriteria,themeanerrororbias(ME)andthemeansquarederror(MSE),werecomputedtoassesstheestimationaccuracyofthekrigingpredictions.Theresultsdemonstratedthatthesoilsalinityintheuppersoillayersdecreaseddramaticallyandthetaxonomicallydefinedsalinesoilswerepresentonlyinafewmicro-landscapesafter27years.Presently,thesoilswithrelativelyelevatedsaltcontentweremainlydistributedindepressionsalongtheYellowRiverbed.Thereductioninsurfacesoilsalinitycorrespondedtothelocationswithdeepenedmaximumgroundwaterdepth.Itcouldbeconcludedthatgroundwatertablerecessionallowedwatertomovedeeperintothesoilprofile,transportingsaltswithit,andthusplayedanimportantroleinreducingsoilsalinityinthisregion.Accumulationofsaltsinthesoilprofilesatvariousdepthsbelowthesurfaceindicatedthatsecondarysoilsalinizationwouldoccurwhenthegroundwaterwasnotcontrolledatasafedepth.
简介:我们在奇塔贡·希尔道在Khagarachari山区域的Aatmile从二个代表性的地点收集了土壤样品。这些地点之一在转移耕作和其它下面是邻近的13年的旧柚木种植园。两个地点在有寓言土壤的地文学的状况和一样的方面打的一样,它使我们能测量在土壤上转移耕作的效果微植物群。我们学习了土壤物理化学的性质和土壤微生物的生物化学、生物的性质。象真菌和细菌的人口一样的潮湿和有机物内容,两个在表面和表面下的土壤,显著地(p0.001)在不在转移耕作下面与土壤相比转移栽培土壤更低,即柚木种植园地点。在表面(010厘米)的最丰富的细菌并且表面下(1020厘米)分别地,当时,在转移耕作下面的土壤是Pseudomonasdiminuta和Shigella在柚木种植园的相应土壤层,占优势的微生物是杆菌firmus(010厘米)和Xanthomonas(1020厘米)。因为,微生物引起的人口差别不能被土壤质地差别解释组织上从二个地点的土壤的类似但是能在在转移耕作下面的土壤与显著地更低的潮湿和有机物内容有关。
简介:Thesubtropicalmixedbroad-leavedandconiferousforest,atypicalsuccessionalmonsoonforest,isoneofthemajorforestsinthesubtropicsofChina.Therefore,itisveryimportanttoestimatethefluxesofthegreenhousegasesfromtheforestsoilinordertoevaluatetheimpactofsubtropicalforestsonthegreenhousegasemissionsorabsorptions.Thisstudyinvestigatedthediurnalvariationsoffluxesofthreegreenhousegases(CO2,CH4,andN2O)fromamixedbroad-leavedandconiferousforestsoil.Astaticchamber-gaschromatographtechniquewasusedtomeasurethefluxesofthreegreenhousegases.Byusingtheimprovedgaschromatographysamplingsystem,thefluxeswereanalyzedwithasingleinjection.Inordertofindouttheeffectsoflitterandseedlingontheemissionsorabsorptionsofthesegreenhousegases,threetreatmentsweresetinthefleld:(1)baresoilsurface(litterwasremovedpreviously);(3)litter+soil;(3)seedling+litter+soil.TheexperimentalresultsdemonstratedthattheforestsoilwasasourceofCO2,N2OandaweaksinkofCH4.ThedailyfluxesofCO2,CH4,andN2Ofromthesoilsurfacewereintherangeof488.99~700.57,0.049~0.108and-0.025~-0.053mg/(m^2·h),respectively.CO2fromthelitterdecompositionaccountedforabout1/3ofthetotalCO2emissionfromthesoilsurface,whilethelitterandseedlinghadnosignificanteffectonthefluxesofCH4andN2O.ThefluxesofCO2andN2Omeasuredat9:00-11:00a.m.weresignificantlydifferentfromtheirdailyaverages.Therefore,cautionmustbetakeniftheCO2andN2Ofluxesmeasuredwithin9:00-11:00a.m.areusedforextrapolation.
简介:Thechloroformfumigation-incubationmethowasusedtomeasurthesoilmicrobialbiomassC(SMBC)andN(SMBN)in16loessialsoilssampledfromAnsai,YongshouandYanglinginShaanxiProvince.TheSMBContentsinthesoilsrangedfrom75.9to301.0μgCg^-1withanaverageof206.μgCg^-1,accountingfor1.36%-6.24%ofthetotalsoilorganicCwithanaverageof3.07%,andtheSMBNcontentsfrom0.51to68.40μgNg^-1withanaverageof29.4μgNg^-1,accountingfor0.20%-5.65%ofthetotalNinthesoilswithanaverageof3.36%.AcloserelationshipwasfoundbetweenSMBCandSMBN,andtheybothwerepositivelycorrelatedwithtotalorganicC,totalN,NaOHhydrolizableNandmineralizableN.Theseresultsconfirmedthasoilmicrobialbiomasshadacomparativeroleinnutrientcyclesofsoils.