简介:在广东上的潮湿水池的interannual和interdecadal变化与NCEP/NCAR分析数据被讨论并且从1958~2004观察了降水数据。结果显示那气候上,降水的数量几乎比在春天和summer.Precipitation和蒸发的蒸发的大平衡互相在秋天和蒸发的数量比在冬季的降水的大。interannual信号在秋天和冬季与三年的摆动的一个时期在广东在所有季节统治潮湿水池的变化。三十年的摆动的一个时期描绘的显著interdecadal信号能从季节地平均的潮湿水池数据并且从被识别冬季和春天每年潮湿数据,与比40%大的变化百分比。这结果显示广东在从积极异例的一个过渡阶段到否定异例。在在广东上的冬季和后面的春天的潮湿水池异例通常是同相的。而且,在那里存在有在夏天和秋天的10~15年的时期的周期的摆动。积极(否定)在广东上的潮湿水池的异例由于加强(变弱)来自热带区域的潮湿正在被搬运到南部的中国,伴随了由一加强(变弱)潮湿集中。
简介:Polewardatmosphericmoisturetransport(AMT)intotheArcticOceancanchangeatmosphericmoistureorwatervaporcontentandcausecloudformationandredistribution,whichmaychangedownwardlongwaveradiationand,inturn,surfaceenergybudgets,airtemperatures,andsea-iceproductionandmelt.Inthisstudy,wefoundaconsistentlyenhancedpolewardAMTacross60°Nsince1959basedontheNCAR-NCEPreanalysis.RegionalanalysisdemonstratesthatthepolewardAMTpredominantlyoccursovertheNorthAtlanticandNorthPacificregions,contributingabout57%and32%,respectively,tothetotaltransport.ToimproveourunderstandingofthedrivingforceforthisenhancedpolewardAMT,weexploredtherolethatextratropicalcycloneactivitymayplay.Climatologically,about207extratropicalcyclonesmoveacross60°NintotheArcticOceaneachyear,amongwhichabout66(32%ofthetotal)and47(23%)originatefromtheNorthAtlanticandNorthPacificOcean,respectively.Whenanalyzingthelineartrendsofthetimeseriesconstructedbyusinga20-yearrunningwindow,wefoundapositivecorrelationof0.70betweenpolewardyearlyAMTandtheintegratedcycloneactivityindex(measurementofcycloneintensity,number,andduration).ThisshowstheconsistentmultidecadalchangesbetweenthesetwoparametersandmaysuggestcycloneactivityplaysadrivingroleintheenhancedpolewardAMT.Furthermore,acompositeanalysisindicatesthatintensificationandpolewardextensionoftheIcelandiclowandaccompanyingstrengthenedcycloneactivityplayanimportantroleinenhancingpolewardAMTovertheNorthAtlanticregion.
简介:影响在海水沉浸,以及结果在潮湿散开上把聚合物矩阵composites的厚度压成薄片为glass/isopolyester(G/IPE)的composites的机械性质降级,carbon/isopolyester(C/IPE),glass/vinylester(G/VE)和carbon/vinylester(C/VE),在这份报纸被调查。把3压成薄片并且在厚度的10mm,使用湿手上篮技术制作,被描绘因为在人工的海水媒介的潮湿吸收,和他们的曲折力量和interlaminar砍力量(ILSS)降级被学习。潮湿散开被观察是到Ficks的anamolous为3的法律和10mm在散开的以后的阶段的厚样品。10mmthick样品的潮湿渗透是比3mm的大的二~三份订单厚的,当潮湿浸透的时间仍然保持未改变时。随增加把厚度压成薄片,1.4%为C/VE增加的潮湿浸透并且7%为G/IPE。剩余曲折力量和ILSS在10mm的情况下是更大的在200天暴露以后的厚标本。折断的标本的SEM检查在10mm显示出纤维/矩阵debonding的更大的层次厚标本。
简介:Avariationaldataassimilationmethodisproposedtoestimatethenear-surfacesoilmoistureandsurfacesensibleandlatentheatfluxes.Themethodmergesthefivepartsintoacostfunction,i.e.,thedifferencesofwind,potentialtemperature,antispecifichumiditygradientbetweenobservationsandthosecomputedbytheprofilemethod,thedifferenceoflatentheatfluxescalculatedusingtheECMWFlandsurfaceevaporationschemeandtheprofilemethod,andaweakconstraintforsurfaceenergybalance.Byusinganoptimalalgorithm,thebestsolutionsarefound.ThemethodistestedwiththedatacollectedatFeixiStation(31.41°N,117.08°E)supportedbytheChinaHeavyRainExperimentandStudy(HeRES)during7-30June2001.Theresultsshowthatestimatednear-surfacesoilmoisturescanquicklyrespondtorainfall,andtheirtemporalvariationisconsistentwiththatofmeasurementsofaveragesoilmoistureover15-cmtopdepthwithamaximumerrorlessthan0.03m~3m~(-3).ThesurfaceheatfluxescalculatedbythismethodareconsistentwiththosebytheBowenratiomethod,butatthesametimeitcanovercometheinstabilityproblemoccurringintheBowenratiomethodwhenthelatterisabout-1.Meanwhile,thevariationalmethodismoreaccuratethantheprofilemethodintermsofsatisfyingthesurfaceenergybalance.Thesensitivitytestsalsoshowthatthevariationalmethodisthemoststableoneamongthethreemethods.
简介:这份报纸利用一个修改水财务模型(WAM)在18202007年7月期间在山东追踪一个极端降水事件的潮湿来源。在处理水预算的剩余的不同方法总是在再循环计算的潮湿生产不同结果,这被发现。另外,从没有剩余的向后的追踪的结果在对从向前与剩余追踪的那些的完全的同意,并且反过来也如此,暗示数学一致性。我们因此分析并且发源二条追踪的途径与对方一起在下面等同的条件。我们把向后的追踪用于山东极端降雨案例并且获得了三个选择区域的潮湿贡献的量的估计离开降雨区域。结果显示空间模式而非再循环的潮湿的数字价值在追踪潮湿来源是更可靠的。这个山东降雨事件的潮湿在西南中国主要来自附近迎风的区域,它具有陆上的起源;当从附近的韦斯特太平洋发源的潮湿贡献很少到这个事件时。
简介:关联分析被用来在中国和东方亚洲夏天季风(EASM)上学习在春天土壤潮湿之间的关系。EASM在西南中国和黄河的大拐弯区域上与春天土壤潮湿有强壮的积极关联,这被显示出。一个标准土壤潮湿索引(SMI)用二个区域的观察土壤潮湿被定义。结果证明SMI与EASM有强壮的关联。年强壮(弱)SMI与被联系更强壮(更弱)夏天季风循环。在强壮的SMI的年里,向西和平的副热带的高度在位置向北方多并且在紧张更弱;westerlies地区也是到北方的更多。所有这些让EASM循环向北方移动并且引起降雨带重定位到诺思中国和东北中国。SMI能在东方中国上反映夏天降雨异例的变化。在强壮的SMI的年里,降雨带主要在China.However的northem部分上被定位,在弱年期间,夏天降雨带大部分被定位在上中间--并且更低--长江的活动范围。另外,SMI有伪4-6年和伪的明显的摆动2年。而且,否定SMI比积极SMI更好预言EASM。
简介:Theimpactsofsoilmoisture(SM)onheavyrainfallandthedevelopmentofMesoscaleConvectionSystems(MCSs)areinvestigatedthrough24-hnumericalsimulationsoftwoheavyrainfalleventsthatoccurredrespectivelyon28March2009(Case1)and6May2010(Case2)oversouthernChina.ThenumericalsimulationswerecarriedoutwithWRFanditscoupledNoahLSM(LandSurfaceModel).First,comparativeexperimentsweredrivenbytwodifferentSMdatasourcesfromNCEP-FNLandNASA-GLDAS.Secondary,withtherundrivenbyNASA-GLDASdataasacontrolone,aseriesofsensitivitytestswithdifferentdegreeof(20%,60%)increaseordecreaseintheinitialSMwereperformedtoexaminetheimpactofSMonthesimulations.Comparativeexperimentresultsshowthatthe24-hsimulatedcumulativerainfalldistributionsarenotsubstantiallyaffectedbytheapplicationofthetwodifferentSMdata,whiletheprecipitationintensityischangedtosomeextent.ForecastskillscoresshowthatsimulationwithNASA-GLDASSMdatacanleadtosomeimprovement,especiallyintheheavyrain(芏50mm)forecast,wherethereisupto5%increaseintheTSscore.SensitivitytestanalysisfoundthatapredominantlypositivefeedbackofSMonprecipitationexistedinthesetwoheavyraineventsbutnotwithcompletelythesamefeatures.Organizationoftheheavyrainfall-producingMCSseemstohaveanimpactonthefeedbackprocessbetweenSMandprecipitation.ForCase1,theMCSwaspoorlyorganizedandoccurredlocallyinlateafternoon,andtheincreaseofSMonlycausedaslightenhancementofprecipitation.Driersoilwasfoundtoresultinanapparentdecreaseofrainfallintensity,indicatingthatprecipitationismoresensitivetoSMreduction.ForCase2,astheheavyrainwascausedbyawell-organizedMCSwithsustainedprecipitation,therainfallismoresensitivetoSMincrease,whichbringsmorerainfall.Additionally,distinctivefeedbackeffectswereidentifiedfromdifferentstagesanddifferentorganizationofMCS,withstr
简介:TheinterannualvariationsofatmosphericheatsourcesandmoisturesinksovertheEquatorialPacificandtheirrelationswiththeSSTanomaliesarestudiedusingECMWFreanalysisdatafrom1979to1993.Itisfoundbysingularvaluedecomposition(SVD)analysisthattheregioninthetropicalPacificwithhighpositivecorrelationbetweentheverticallyintegratedheatsourceanomalyandtheSSTanomaly,andbetweentheverticallyintegratedmoisturesinkanomalyandtheSSTanomaly,ismainlylocatedinalongandnarrowbelttotheeastof170(Ebetween5(Sand5(N.TheanalysisoftheverticalstructureofatmosphericheatsourcesandmoisturesinksshowsthattheinterannualvariationsofQ1,Q2andSSTintheequatorialcentralandeasternPacificarestronglyandpositivelycorrelatedinthewholetroposphereexceptthebottom(962.5hPa)andthetop(85hPa)layers.However,inthewesternPacific,theinterannualvariationsofQ1below850hPaisnegativelyrelatedtotheSST.Thecorrelationcoefficientatthelevel962.5hPareacheseven-0.59.InotherlayersthepositivecorrelationbetweentheinterannualvariationsofQ1,Q2andtheSSTareweakinthewesternPacific.
简介:An80-dincubationexperimentwasconductedtoinvestigatestrawdecomposition,theprimingeffectandmicrobialcharacteristicsinanon-fertilizedsoil(soil1)andalong-termorganicmanure-fertilizedsoil(soil2)withandwithout13C-labeledmaizestrawamendmentunderdifferentmoisturelevels.Thesoil2showedamarkedlyhigherprimingeffect,microbialbiomassC(Cmic),andβ-glucosidaseactivity,andmoreabundantpopulationsofbacteriaandfungithanthesoil1.Also,soilCO2emission,Cmic,β-glucosidaseactivity,andbacterialandfungalpopulationsizesweresubstantiallyenhancedbystrawamendment.Inthepresenceofstraw,theamountofstrawmineralizationandassimilationbymicrobesinthesoilat55%ofwaterholdingcapacity(WHC)weresignificantlyhigherby31%and17%,respectively,comparedtothoseat25%ofWHC.Incontrast,β-glucosidaseactivityandfungalpopulationsizewerebothenhancedasthemoisturecontentdecreased.Cmicdecreasedasstrawavailabilitydecreased,whichwasmainlyattributedtothereductionofstraw-derivedCmic.Amendedsoils,excepttheamendedsoil2at25%ofWHC,hadamoreabundantfungalpopulationasstrawavailabilitydecreased,indicatingthatfungaldecomposabilityofaddedstrawwasindependentofstrawavailability.Non-metricmultidimensionalscalinganalysisbasedonfungaldenaturedgradientgelelectrophoresisbandpatternsshowedthatshiftsinthefungalcommunitystructureoccurredaswaterandstrawavailabilityvaried.Theresultsindirectlysuggestthatsoilfungiareabletoadjusttheirdegradationactivitytowaterandstrawavailabilitybyregulatingtheircommunitystructure.
简介:在亚洲和印第安人和平的海洋(AIPO)和它象他们的异例一样的邻近的区域的加入的区域上的潮湿预算的climatological特征在这研究被估计了。主要结果如下。在冬季,在东北,潮湿运输在AIPO的更低的纬度盖住广泛的区域。西、在北方的潮湿运输是主要来源,南方印度洋(SIO)是潮湿水池。在夏天,由西南的monsoonal风影响了,跨equatorial越过索马里人从SIO发源的西南的潮湿运输通过阿拉伯的海被搬运(作为),孟加拉的海湾(跳),并且华南海(SCS)到东方中国。AIPO被西南的潮湿运输控制。在AIPO上的网潮湿流入有明显内部年度、内部的十的变化。从中间--或1970年代末,在SIO上的流入,AS,西方的诺思太平洋(NWNP)的北部分,和象华南(SC)一样的诺思中国(NC)开始突然地减少,当那些显著地在东北中国(NEC)和YangtzeRiver-Huaihe河盆(YHRB)上增加了时。总体上,在BOB上的网潮湿流入和西方的诺思太平洋(SWNP)在的南部的部分最近50年呈现一个线性增加趋势。然而,为这二个区域预定的转变与在的前者是不同的中间--或更早发生的1980年代末和后者,近似在1970年代的早阶段。与降水异例联系的异常潮湿来源与夏天降水的正常条件不同。为干旱或洪水年和它的后面的年,从西方的诺思太平洋(WNP)发源的异常潮湿运输是在东方中国上的异常降水的重要来源,它极大地高与副热带的太平洋的变化被联系。
简介:Thepaperinvestigatestheabilitytoretrievethetruesoilmoistureprofilebyassimilatingnear-surfacesoilmoistureintoasoilmoisturemodelwithanensembleKalmanfilter(EnKF)assimilationscheme,includingtheeffectofensemblesize,updateintervalandnonlinearitiesintheprofileretrieval,therequiredtimeforfullretrievalofthesoilmoistureprofiles,andthepossibleinfluenceofthedepthofthesoilmoistureobservation.Thesequestionsareaddressedbyadesktopstudyusingsyntheticdata.The'true'soilmoistureprofilesaregeneratedfromthesoilmoisturemodelundertheboundaryconditionof0.5cmd-1evaporation.Totesttheassimilationschemes,themodelisinitializedwithapoorinitialguessofthesoilmoistureprofile,anddifferentensemblesizesaretestedshowingthatanensembleof40membersisenoughtorepresentthecovarianceofthemodelforecasts.Alsocomparedaretheresultswiththosefromthedirectinsertionassimilationscheme,showingthattheEnKFissuperiortothedirectinsertionassimilationscheme,forhourlyobservations,withretrievalofthesoilmoistureprofilebeingachievedin16hascomparedto12daysormore.Fordailyobservations,thetruesoilmoistureprofileisachievedinabout15dayswiththeEnKF,butitisimpossibletoapproximatethetruemoisturewithin18daysbyusingdirectinsertion.ItisalsofoundthatobservationdepthdoesnothaveasignificanteffectonprofileretrievaltimefortheEnKF.Thenonlinearitieshavesomenegativeinfluenceontheoptimalestimatesofsoilmoistureprofilebutnotveryseriously.
简介:用为时期的NCEP/NCAR分析数据19572001,季节的转变在亚洲澳大利亚人的季风区域大规模垂直地综合的潮湿运输(VIMT)展示的climatological在这篇论文被调查。到夏天的从冬季的VIMT的季节的转变的基本特征是夏日的建立“大潮湿河”模式(说出GMR模式)并且它的东方扩大,与发生在“一些关键时期”的一系列climatological事件联系了,它在中间的5月在中间的三月,在在迟了的4月的斯里兰卡附近的低VIMT旋涡的活动,和华南海夏季风的发作在印度支那半岛上包括著名南方的VIMT的出现,在其它之中。在到冬季的从夏天的转变期间,然而,特征被建立主要展出在东方位于热带区域的VIMT带,由发生在“关键时期”的一些事件伴随了。当在季节的变化过程期间从西的VIMT的南方的迁居看了时,进一步的分析揭示印第安人和东方亚洲季风区域之间的大差别,根据哪个亚洲季风区域能容易沿着印度支那半岛的西方的方面被划分成二部分,它可以也表示在二个区域之间的不同形成机制。
简介:Themajorityofrice(OryzasativaL.)producedinthesouthernUSAisdrill-seededandgrownunderupland-likeconditionsbecausepermanentfloodingisestablishedafterthefour-leafstage.Therefore,riceduringtheseedlinggrowthstagewillbesubjectedtovariablesoilmoisturecontent.Agreenhouseexperimentwasconductedtoevaluatetheperformanceof15ricecultivarscommonlygrowninMississippiofUSAunderearly-seasonsoilmoisturestress.Twentymorpho-physiologicalparametersofriceseedlingssubjectedtothreedifferentlevels(100%,66%and33%fieldcapacity)ofsoilmoisture,from10to30daftersowing,weremeasured.Significantmoisturestress×treatmentinteraction(P<0.001)wasobservedformostoftheparameters.Further,thetotaldroughtresponseindex(TDRI)wasdevelopedtoscorethecultivarsfordroughttolerancewiththevariationfrom26.88to36.21.Accordingly,thecultivarswereclassifiedintodifferentgroupsoftolerance.ThecultivarsCL152andCL142-ARwereclassifiedastheleastandthemosttoleranttodroughtbasedonTDRIandstandarddeviation,respectively.Eventhoughbothtotalroot(R2=0.98)orshoot(R2=0.76)droughtresponsesindiceswerepositivelycorrelatedwithTDRI,roottraitswereimportantinderivingtheindices.Therefore,TDRIcouldbeusedtoselectcultivarsfordroughttoleranceinagivenenvironmentanddevelopricevarietieswithearly-seasondroughttolerance.However,furtherresearchisneededtoidentifyandcharacterizetoleranceatotherstagestoassistbreedingprogramsinrice.
简介:Themoisturetransportincrackedcement-basedmaterialswasinvestigatedwithprioritybynumericalsimulation.Thecrackedcement-basismaterialwastreatedastwocomponentssystem,includingthecracksandcementitiousmortar.Themassbalancebetweenthewaterinthecracksandinthecementmortarwasconsidered.Fromthemodelingresults,itwasseenthatthewaterorvaporfilledthecrackimmediatelywhenthecrackedcementitiousmortarwasputintocontactwiththewaterorvapor.Thewater/vaporpenetratesintothemortarfromthecracksurfaces,aswellastheexternalsurfaceexposedintheoutsidecondition.Theexistenceofcracksincreasesthepenetrationofwater/vaporintothecementitiousmortar.Asthebasisforstudyingtheself-healingincrackedconcrete,thesimulationonmoisturetransportprovidedimportantinformationaboutthewaterdistributionandmovementinsidethecrackedconcrete.
简介:在一个更低的纬度高原和水汽交通的特征的重降雨的分析被使用常规数据和更稠密的表面数据进行了。结果出现:(1)当温暖的更潮湿的空气和冷空气与对方一起交往了时,重降雨被一系列中央规模系统在有利大规模条件下面引起。同时,在上层、降低水平的喷气之间联合被揭示。在那里存在,这也被发现在在云南的重降雨的主要影响系统之中的一些不同特征例如Indian-Myanmar马槽和冷空气的路径,与那些相比在东方和华南。(2)在中央之间的相互作用在地面附近放大集中线可以是为中央规模系统,和中央规模系统的动态、热的动态结构的出现的可能的被触发机制是很明显的。集中线可以仔细联系到云南的地面,中国。(3)水汽预算的计算表明为重降雨的水汽供应的主要来源在孟加拉的海湾。在这种情况中,尽管水汽的数量是,水汽能被搬运进云南不到那在在东方和华南的更低的对流层。另外,为三维的空气包裹轨道的分析更好揭示了并且描述来源地点和水汽的交通到云南。
简介:我们在场从在西北的Qilian山(QM)的Qilian杜松属(萨拜娜przewalskii)的二个地点的一张合成树戒指年表,西北的中国。在6月的降水被发现是为树生长的主要限制因素。树戒指显著地并且断然也在北西藏的高原(TP)的大区域上与6月降水被相关。作者因此认为树戒指基于干旱重建从18032006大区域干旱历史是代表性的。在重建时期期间,坚持、严重的干燥时代在1820年代1830年代,1870年代1880年代,1920年代,和1950年代1960年代发生了,并且坚持的湿时期从18031810年代,1890年代1920年代,和1970年代1980年代被发现。严重干燥、湿的时期类似于在东北TP上发现的那些,显示在他们之间的干旱政体的潜在的连接。有全球SST的比较显示干旱可变性是仔细与热带太平洋和北极海洋SST有关,分别地建议地区性的潮湿变化的连接到亚洲季风和西的带发行量。