简介:Thepaperstudieschannelchoicedecisionsinamulti-channelsupplychainunderastrategywherethereisanex-antecommitmentmadeontheretailpricemarkup.Themarketdemandisuncertainanddependentonthepriceandsalesefforts.Theresultsshowthatinanychannelstructure,whenmakingorderdecisionstheretaileronlyexaminesthepriceratioandthefluctuationsizeofrandomdemand,ratherthanthechannelcostandtheretailer’smarketingefficiency.Whentheretailpricerises,themanufactureriswillingtoincreaseinventoryquantityfordirectsales,becausethemanufacturer’sprofitmarginishigherindirectchannel.Theincreaseindemandfluctuationonlyaffectsthedegreeofchannelpreferencebutdoesn’tchangethemanufacturer’schannelchoice.Nomatterinwhichlevelthepriceratiois,whenthesalesefficiencyofretailchannelisnothighorthedemandproportionofdirectchannelislow,themanufacturerandtheretailerwillbebothapttochooseadual-channelstructure.Thenaddingadirectchannelbecomesamarketingstrategy,ratherthanacompetitoroftheretailchannel,andhelpsthesupplychainwinmoremarketdemand.
简介:TheemergenceofB2Belectronicmarketshasgreatlychangedtherelativebargainingpowerofbuyersandsellers.Westudytheequilibriummarketstructureinabuyer’smarket.Wefindthatbuyer-controlledB2BmarketsandneutralB2Bmarketshavedifferentequilibriumstructures,andtheemergenceofB2Bmarketswillincreasesocialwelfare,butitseffectonbuyersandsellerswillbedifferent:B2Bmarketsincreasetheconsumersurplusoftheendmarket,buttheireffectsonbuyerandsellerprofitsaremoderatedbytherelativebargainingpowerofbuyersandsellers.TheprofitsofthesidewithmuchweakerbargainingpowerwilldecreaseduetotheintroductionofB2Bmarkets.
简介:关于为在1980年代和1990年代的瓷器精力紧张的戏剧的衰落负责的主要因素有可观的争论。然而,很少详细分析被做了在20022005期间在精力紧张解释变化。在这份报纸,我们使用结构的分解分析(SDA)把精力紧张分解成五决定因素:精力输入系数,技术系数(Leontief反的系数),由产品的最后的要求结构,由范畴的最后的要求和最后的精力消费系数。我们然后进一步分解二个系数,精力输入系数和技术系数,进结构和真实系数。实验学习在2000经常的价格从1987~2005基于energy-input-output桌子被执行。结果证明在1987和2002之间,精力输入结构在精力紧张说明大多数衰落。然而,由产品的输入结构和最后的要求结构解释在2002和2005之间的精力紧张的增加。
简介:ThispaperdealswithH∞controlofa5th-ordermodelofsynchronousgenerators.First,byusingthemethodofexactlinearization,wetransformthe5th-ordermodelintoalinearone.Thenweassignthepoleofthelinearizedmodelintheopenlefthalfplane.Finally,weapplythedesignmethodoflinearH∞controltogetastatefeedbackcontroller.
简介:1.IntroductionLetGbeafinitegroup.ForaCayleysubsetSofGnotcontainingtheidentityelement1,theCayley(di)graphX~Cay(G,S)ofGwithrespecttoSisdefinedasthedirectedgraphwithvertexsetV(X)=GandedgesetE(X)={(g,sg)IgEG,s6S}.IfS=S--’,thentheadjacencyrelationissymmet...
简介:Reliabilityallocationproblemiscommonlytreatedusingaclosed-formexpressionrelatingthecosttoreliability.Arecentapproachhasintroducedtheuseofdiscreteintegertechniqueforun-repairablesystems.Thisresearchaddressestheallocationproblemforrepairablesystems.ItpresentsanintegerformulationforfindingtheoptimumselectionofcomponentsbasedontheintegervaluesoftheirMeanTimetoFailure(MTTF)andMeanTimetoRepair(MTTR).Theobjectiveistominimizethetotalcostunderasystemreliabilityconstraint,inadditiontootherphysicalconstraints.Although,aclosed-formexpressionrelatingthecosttoreliabilitymaynotbealinear;however,inthisresearch,theobjectivefunctionwillalwaysbelinearregardlessoftheshapeoftheequivalentcontinuousclosed-formfunction.Anexampleissolvedusingtheproposedmethodandcomparedwiththesolutionofthecontinuousclosed-formversion.Theformulationforallpossiblesystemconfigurations,componentsandsubsystemsarealsoconsidered.
简介:Weinthispaperexaminewarrantystrategyinatwo-stagesupplychainconsistingofamanufacturerandtwocompetingretailers.Themanufacturerproducestwosubstituteproductsandmarketsthemthroughthetworetailerstoagroupofconsumers,respectively.Foreachtypeofproducts,themanufacturer’sbasewarrantyandaretailer’sextendedwarrantyarebundledwiththeproduct.Weusegametheoreticmodelstoexploretheinteractionsbetweenthetwotypesofwarrantiesandthecompetitionbetweentheretailers.Forthispurpose,twoscenariosareconsidered:noretailerandboththetworetailersprovidingtheextendedwarranties,respectively.Ineachscenario,themanufacturer’sbasewarrantiesareassumedtobeoffered.Ourresultsshowthatwhentheretailersoffertheirextendedwarranties,themanufacturerhasnoincentivetoofferthebasewarranties;otherwise,themanufacturerhastoprovidethebasewarranties.Thecompetitionbetweenretailersintermsoftheproductsubstitutabilityhasnoimpactonwarrantydecisions,butaffectsallplayers’profitsinthesupplychain.Themanufacturercanprovidealongerwarrantylengthandhighercustomerwelfaretoacustomerthantheretailersdo,ifitismoreefficientthantheretailersinwarrantycost-efficiency,andviceversa.
简介:Thispaperstudiestheoptimalconsumption-investmentstrategywithHeston’sstochasticvolatility(SV)modelunderhyperbolicabsoluteriskaversion(HARA)utilitycriterion.Thefinancialmarketiscomposedofarisk-lessassetandariskyasset,whosepriceprocessissupposedtobedrivenbyHeston’sSVmodel.TheriskypreferenceoftheindividualisassumedtosatisfyHARAutility,whichrecoverspowerutility,exponentialutilityandlogarithmutilityasspecialcases.HARAutilityisofgeneralframeworkintheutilitytheoryandisseldomstudiedintheexistingliteratures.Legendretransform-dualtechniquealongwithstochasticdynamicprogrammingprincipleispresentedtodealwithourproblemandtheclosed-formsolutiontotheoptimalconsumption-investmentstrategyissuccessfullyobtained.Finally,somespecialcasesarederivedindetail.
简介:摘要本文利用地面观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、台站观测资料等对2017年6月21-24日天津暴雨天气成因进行分析。结果表明副热带高压有东退的趋势,在天津南部地区不断有上游短波槽移出,低空切变线逐渐转为东西走向,天津地区开始出现持续强降雨天气;天津大部分地区的水汽条件较为充足,促进了暴雨天气的发生发展;850hPa低空处逐渐从负涡度转为正涡度,并与暴雨区域保持一致。结合不同高度层的垂直速度场,天津地区上升区域边缘位置与上升气流保持一致,对于水汽输送和高低空能量交换较为有利;因天津大部分地区上空的不稳定能量较小,再加上暖湿空气不足,在释放不稳定能量后会出现暴雨天气,位势不稳定层结开始重新建立并加强,促进持续性暴雨天气的出现。
简介:摘要本文利用地面观测资料、高空探测资料以及NCEP再分析资料等,对2016年6月28日重庆市綦江区的暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明此次暴雨天气具备持续时间长、影响范围广以及造成的危害性特别大的特点。綦江区2016年6月28日主要呈2槽1脊型,有一大槽主要分布在内蒙古——华北——重庆一带。暴雨过程主要是在500hPa高空槽和中低层区域的西南急流的共同影响下形成的。綦江区较为强盛的西南气流,同时处在西南急流出口区域的前方区域,为暴雨过程的发生发展提供较好的条件。綦江区处在水汽通量附近,为綦江区暴雨过程的发生提供了有利的水汽条件。綦江区在6月28日的K指数特别大,非常有利于暴雨过程的形成。
简介:摘要本文利用地面观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、台站观测资料等对2017年6月21-24日出现在河北省的暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明850hPa处的低空急流强度增加,同时有出口区在河北中部地区形成,地面场上的低压不断向东移动发展,再加上有利的天气形势,对于河北省持续暴雨天气的出现提供了有利条件;河北省南部的比湿梯度场方向与风向相反,有利于水汽输送,这种情况一直持续到24日,在850hPa低空处河北省大部分地区的比湿值均超过了12g/kg,特别是河北省东北地区的比湿值最大,也是导致降雨强度较大的原因;随着时间的推移上升运动强度开始下降,尤其是在850hPa低空处上升运动基本停止,说明影响河北省的暴雨天气逐渐趋于结束。
简介:Inthispaper,atwo-scalefiniteelementapproachisproposedandanalyzedforapproximationsofGreen'sfunctioninthree-dimensions.Thisapproachisbasedonatwo-scalefiniteelementspacedefined,respectively,onthewholedomainwithsizeHandonsomesubdomaincontainingsingularpointswithsizeh(h<