简介：Ozonesondes广泛地被用来从表面获得臭氧集中侧面到上面的空气。一种双房间ozonesonde在大气的物理(国际机场)的研究所被开发了，中国科学院(把IAP称为ozonesonde)基于在开发singlecellGPSO3ozonesonde的过去的20年的以前的经验。国际机场ozonesonde具有电气化学的集中房间(ECC)类型。对IAPozonesonde的详细描述第一在现在的纸被提供，从执行评估它的表演的一系列发射由结果的一个演讲列在后面。分析涉及象一个布鲁尔分光光度计一样从GPSO3和ECCozonesondes(模型类型ENSCI-Z)把它的观察与大小作比较。结果证明IAPozonesonde是在GPSO3ozonesonde上的广阔改进，能捕获垂直臭氧结构很好并且在对ECCozonesonde大小的好同意。在臭氧的平均差别在IAP和ECCozonesondes之间的部分压力是从表面的0.3mPa到2.5km，从2.5～9km并且通常的结束到零为比9km高的层的不到1mPa。明显的偏差被减少的泵流动率多半在需要推进改进的IAPozonesonde引起。IAPozonesonde侧面测量的全部的臭氧数量与有6%的相对差别的酒商数据是高度可比较的。IAPozonesonde和它的强壮的性能的开发在不久的将来将肯定在中国上加速臭氧侧面的常规观察的进程以及一般来说为臭氧研究提供更多的数据。

简介：Amulti-functionalsolarandskylightspectrophotometerhasbeendevelopedforthestudyofatmosphericconstituentsandaerosols.Theinstrumentanditsperformancearedescribed.Duetotelescopestructureandlock-inamplificationtechniqueadopted,thesensitivityoftheinstrumentishighenoughtoconductdirectsunmoonandtwilightmeasurementforseveralatmosphericspeciesandthedegreeofpolarizationandintensityobservationforskylight.Frommeasuredresults,thetotalcolumnabundanceofatmosphericspeciesandtheopticalcharacteristicsofaerosolcanberetrieved.Inthispaper,thedailyaveragedcolumnabundanceofO3measuredinBeijingbydirectsunwascomparedwithDobsonspectrophotometernearby.Thetwodidnotshowsignificantdifference.

简介：被动tracer的概率分布函数(PDF)，由“一个吝啬的坡度”强迫了，被学习。首先，我们采取二条理论途径，Lagrangian和有条件的闭合形式体系，到学习如此的外部地强迫的被动示踪物的PDF。然后，我们在一个范围上并且为测试吝啬坡度的模型是否能被用于学习在中间的纬度混合的同温层的tracer的同温层的风遨游的中等范围的天气预报(ECMWF)的欧洲中心为理想化的随机的流动执行数字模拟地区，在哪个，并且是否一弱并且杆病房带平均数的坡度被示踪物漏通过极、热带的混合障碍维持在中间的纬度的示踪物变化的PDF与理论预言一致。数字模拟证明当散开的驱散被吝啬坡度的强迫平衡时，在随机的PDF流动，在ECMWF风中的南部半球的PDF显示出时间不变的指数的尾巴，与理论预言一致。在北半球，PDF展出non-Gaussian尾巴。然而，PDF尾巴不与理论期望一致。强迫的示踪物的PDF尾巴的长期的行为与腐烂的tracer的相比。腐烂的示踪物的PDF尾巴是时间依赖者，这被发现，并且演变向恭维比指数。

简介：Inthispaper,experimentresultsaboutEastAsiaclimatefromfiveCGCMsaredescribed.Theabilityofthemodelstosimulatepresentclimateandthesimulatedresponsetoincreasedcarbondioxidearebothcovered.Theresultsindicatethatallmodelsshowsubstantialchangesinclimatewhencarbondioxideconcentrationsaredoubled.Inparticular,thestrongsurfacewarmingathighlatitudesinwinterandthesignificantincreaseofsummerprecipitationinthemonsoonareaareproducedbyallmodels.RegionalevaluationresultsshowthatthesefiveCGCMsareparticularlygoodinsimulatingspatialdistributionofpresentclimate.ThemaincharacteristicsoftheseasonalmeanH500,SAT,MSLPfieldcanbesimulatedbymostCGCMs.ButtherearesignificantsystematicerrorsinSAT,MSLP,HS00fieldsinmostmodels.Onthewhole,DKRZOPYCisthebestinsimulatingthepresentclimateinEastAsia.

简介：Thispaperdescribesandteststwomodelsforestimatingnetradiation（ortheradiationbalance）onslopingsurfacesofalpineenvironments.Theyareanempiricalmethodbasedonthelinearrelationshipbetweennetradiationandglobalsolarradiationandaflux-by-fluxmethodinvolvingtheestimationofalltheindividualcomponentsofradiationbudgetindependently.Theresultsshowthattheempiricalmethodiscapableofpredictinghourlynetradiationonslopingsur-facestowithinabout±53Wm-2underallskyconditions.Duringclearskyconditions,itcouldpredictnetradiationonslopestowithin±58Wm-2or16%ofthemeasuredvalues.Theflux-by-fluxmethod,althoughitdidnotperformaswellastheempiricalmethod,performedadequatelyandcouldgiveestimatesofnetradiationonslopeswithrootmeansquareerroroflessthan74Wm-2（20%）andameanbiaserrorof27Wm-2（7%）.

简介：这研究在由使用实验直角的功能(文件结束)发生在东方亚洲夏天的500hPa检验波浪火车分析作为一个诊断工具，结果如下被总结:(1)从鄂霍次克海的海的在上游的区域发源到副热带的区域的一个波浪火车模式(OKJ模式)能在早、中间的summer.TheOKJ显示它的强壮的信号模式清楚地在欧亚大陆在第一个文件结束部件被认出(2)从Phi发源的另外的波浪火车模式

简介：新frontogenesis功能根据结果的变丑的绝对水平坡度的本地变化率被开发并且分析。与传统的frontogenesis功能不同，最新定义的变丑frontogenesis从动力学而非热力学的观点被导出。因此，因为温度和潮湿的isolines的压缩能被一个流动领域的变化直接导致，它为frontogenesis的学习是更直觉的。这新frontogenesis功能为因为mei-yu雨线典型地比温度坡度由一个强壮得多的潮湿坡度组成，在中国学习mei-yu前面是特别地有用的，并且包含大变丑流动。真实mei-yu的分析正面的降雨事件显示变丑frontogenesis功能显著地工作很好，基于潜在的温度坡度的一项措施比传统的frontogenesis功能生产更清楚的mei-yu前面。更重要地，变丑frontogenesis表演关上关联与随后(6h以后)降水模式和封面雨线为预后或甚至未来降水的预言的好、适用的意义。

简介：BasedontheB08RDP(Beijing2008OlympicGamesMesoscaleEnsemblePredictionResearchandDevelopmentProject)thatwaslaunchedbytheWorldWeatherResearchProgramme(WWRP)in2004,aregionalensemblepredictionsystem(REPS)ata15-kmhorizontalresolutionwasdevelopedattheNationalMeteorologicalCenter(NMC)oftheChinaMeteorologicalAdministration(CMA).Supplementingtotheforecasters’subjectiveaffirmationonthepromisingperformanceoftheREPSduringthe2008BeijingOlympicGames(BOG),thispaperfocusesontheobjectiveverificationoftheREPSforprecipitationforecastsduringtheBOGperiod.Byuseofasetofadvancedprobabilisticverificationscores,thevalueoftheREPScomparedtothequasi-operationalglobalensemblepredictionsystem(GEPS)isassessedfora36-dayperiod(21July-24August2008).TheevaluationhereinvolvesdifferentaspectsoftheREPSandGEPS,includingtheirgeneralforecastskills,specificattributes(reliabilityandresolution),andrelatedeconomicvalues.TheresultsindicatethattheREPSgenerallyperformssignificantlybetterfortheshort-rangeprecipitationforecaststhantheGEPS,andforlighttoheavyrainfallevents,theREPSprovidesmoreskillfulforecastsforaccumulated6-and24-hprecipitation.ByfurtheridentifyingtheperformanceoftheREPSthroughtheattribute-focusedmeasures,itisfoundthattheadvantagesoftheREPSovertheGEPScomefrombetterreliability(smallerbiasesandbetterdispersion)andincreasedresolution.Also,evaluationofadecision-makingscorerevealsthatamuchlargergroupofusersbenefitsfromusingtheREPSforecaststhanusingthesinglemodel(thecontrolrun)forecasts,especiallyfortheheavyrainfallevents.

简介：Withamesoscalemodel(MM5)nestedwiththeglobalspectralmodelofNationalMeteorologicalCenter/CMAandespeciallywiththeforecastexperimentsastorainfallandtemperatureoftwenty-sevensamplingstationsinEastChinaforsixmonths(February,March,Aprilin1997andJune,July,Augustin1998),ithasbeenfoundthatthebetterpredictioncanbeperformedontheconditionthatthesurfacephysicalprocessofpracticalland-usecategoriesandphysicalparametersisparameterizedinparticularforecastdomain.limited-areamodel,land-usecategory,forecastexperiment

简介：一个微弱地联合的吸收系统，在SST，观察通过一个整体被吸收进acoupled气候模型(CASESM-C)最佳的插值计划，被建立。这个系统是为历史的气候模拟的一个有用工具，显示出实质的优点，包括维持大气的反馈，并且阻止海洋的地远漂流离开观察，在其它之中。在联合模型集成期间，在分析的表面和表面下的海洋的地的偏爱能与unassimilated地相比被减少。从系统，气候学和气候系统的interannual可变性基于输出的30模型年被评估。结果证明系统罐头相当复制climatological全球降水和SLP，但是它仍然受不了双ITCZ问题。而且，ENSO脚印，它被ENSO相关的表面空气温度，geopotential高度和降水在ElNi期间揭示?o进化，被系统基本上复制。系统能也在西方的诺思太平洋区域，大气的反馈为气候模拟在是关键的在interannual和intraseasonaltimescales上模仿观察SST降雨关系很好。

简介：Anewcoupledclimatesystemmodel(CSM)hasbeendevelopedattheChineseAcademyofMeteorologicalSciences(CAMS)byemployingseveralstate-of-the-artcomponentmodels.ThecoupledCAMS-CSMconsistsofthemodifiedatmosphericmodel[ECmwf-HAMburg(ECHAM5)],oceanmodel[ModularOceanModel(MOM4)],seaicemodel[SeaIceSimulator(SIS)],andlandsurfacemodel[CommonLandModel(CoLM)].Adetailedmodeldescriptionispresentedandboththepre-industrialand“historical”simulationsarepreliminarilyevaluatedinthisstudy.Themodelcanreproducetheclimatologicalmeanstatesandseasonalcyclesofthemajorclimatesystemquantities,includingtheseasurfacetemperature,precipitation,seaiceextent,andtheequatorialthermocline.ThemajorclimatevariabilitymodesarealsoreasonablycapturedbytheCAMS-CSM,suchastheMadden-JulianOscillation(MJO),ElNi?o-SouthernOscillation(ENSO),EastAsianSummerMonsoon(EASM),andPacificDecadalOscillation(PDO).ThemodelshowsapromisingabilitytosimulatetheEASMvariabilityandtheENSO-EASMrelationship.Somebiasesstillexist,suchasthefalsedouble-intertropicalconvergencezone(ITCZ)intheannualmeanprecipitationfield,theoverestimatedENSOamplitude,andtheweakenedBjerknesfeedbackassociatedwithENSO;andthustheCAMS-CSMneedsfurtherimprovements.

简介：Aregionalsurfacecarbondioxide(CO_2)fluxinversionsystem,theTan-Tracker-Region,wasdevelopedbyincorporatinganassimilationschemeintotheCommunityMultiscaleAirQuality(CMAQ)regionalchemicaltransportmodeltoresolvefine-scaleCO_2variabilityoverEastAsia.Theproperorthogonaldecomposition-basedensemblefour-dimensionalvariationaldataassimilationapproach(POD-4DVar)isthecorealgorithmforthejointassimilationframework,andsimultaneousassimilationsofCO_2concentrationsandsurfaceCO_2fluxesareappliedtohelpreducetheuncertaintyininitialCO_2concentrations.ApersistencedynamicalmodelwasdevelopedtodescribetheevolutionofthesurfaceCO_2fluxesandhelpavoidthe'signal-to-noise'problem;thus,CO_2fluxescouldbeestimatedasawholeatthemodelgridscale,withbetteruseofobservationinformation.Theperformanceoftheregionalinversionsystemwasevaluatedthroughagroupofsingle-observation-basedobservingsystemsimulationexperiments(OSSEs).TheresultsoftheexperimentssuggestthatareliableperformanceofTan-Tracker-Regionisdependentoncertainassimilationparameterchoices,forexample,anoptimizedwindowlengthofapproximately3h,anensemblesizeofapproximately100,andacovariancelocalizationradiusofapproximately320km.Thisisprobablyduetothestrongdiurnalvariationandspatialheterogeneityinthefine-scaleCMAQsimulation,whichcouldaffecttheperformanceoftheregionalinversionsystem.Inaddition,becauseallobservationscanbeartificiallyobtainedinOSSEs,theperformanceofTan-Tracker-RegionwasfurtherevaluatedthroughdifferentdensitiesoftheartificialobservationnetworkindifferentCO_2fluxsituations.TheresultsindicatethatmoreobservationsiteswouldbeusefultosystematicallyimprovetheestimationofCO_2concentrationandfluxinlargeareasoverthemodeldomain.TheworkpresentedhereformsafoundationforfutureresearchinwhichathoroughestimationofCO_2fluxvariability

简介：

简介：喷雾器光性质被模仿用光谱为喷雾器种类(SPRINTARS)的放射运输模型结合了非静水力学的ICosahedral大气的模型(NICAM)。3年的全球吝啬的所有天空喷雾器在550nm的光厚度(AOT)，?ngstr?m代表(AE)分别地在0.123，0.657和0.944点基于在440和870nm，和在550nm的单个散布反照率(SSA)的AOT被估计。为每喷雾器种，吝啬的AOT在AeroCom模型的范围以内。建模的所有天空和清楚天空的结果与从中等分辨率成像分光辐射函数(MODIS)和喷雾器机器的网络(AERONET)的观察相比。所有天空AOT的模仿的空间与时间的分布能通常复制MODIS检索，和关联和模型技巧能稍微在大多数陆地区域上用清楚天空的结果被改进。之间的差别清楚天空并且所有天空AOT在弄脏的区域上是更大的。与从AERONET的观察相比，建模并且观察的所有天空AOT和AE通常在合理同意，而SSA变化很好没被捕获。尽管所有天空和清楚天空的结果的空间与时间的分布是类似的，清楚天空的结果更好通常与观察被相关。清楚天空的AOT和SSA比所有天空结果的通常低，特别在喷雾器化学药品作文主要被硫酸盐喷雾器贡献的那些区域。建模的清楚天空的AE比在吸水的喷雾器统治的那些区域上的所有天空AE大，当反面在恐水病的喷雾器统治的区域上被发现时。

简介：基于历史的跑，核心之一联合模型Intercomparison工程(CMIP5)的第五个阶段试验，雪深度(SD)和灵活全球Ocean-Atmosphere-Land系统(FGOALS)的二个版本模仿的雪盖子部分(SCF)当模特儿，格子点版本2(g2)并且光谱版本2(s2)，对观察数据被验证。结果表明在北半球(NH)上的SD和SCF的空间模式被两个模型模仿很好，除了在西藏的高原上，与在分别地为SD和SCF在0.7和0.8附近的所有月的平均空间关联系数。尽管雪累积的发作被二个模型以SD和SCF的年度周期捕获很好，g2在NH的很中间纬度、高纬度的区域上过高估计SD/SCF。因为它在它的大气的部件考虑喷雾器的间接效果，分析证明g2比s2生产更低的温度，它是为二个模型之间的SD/SCF差别的主要司机。另外，两个模型模仿SCF的重要减少趋势很好在上(在在大西洋和108坏訄?訄的和平的盆北方的欧亚大陆和温暖的SST上的30air吗？？

简介：Thesecond-generationGlobalOceanDataAssimilationSystemoftheBeijingClimateCenter(BCC_GODAS2.0)hasbeenrundailyinapre-operationalmode.Itspanstheperiod1990tothepresentday.ThegoalofthispaperistointroducethemaincomponentsandtoevaluateBCC_GODAS2.0fortheusercommunity.BCC_GODAS2.0consistsofanobservationaldatapreprocess,oceandataqualitycontrolsystem,athree-dimensionalvariational(3DVAR)dataassimilation,andglobaloceancirculationmodel[ModularOceanModel4(MOM4)].MOM4isdrivenbysix-hourlyfluxesfromtheNationalCentersforEnvironmentalPrediction.Satellitealtimetrydata,SST,andin-situtemperatureandsalinitydataareassimilatedinrealtime.ThemonthlyresultsfromtheBCC_GODAS2.0reanalysisarecomparedandassessedwithobservationsfor1990-2011.TheclimatologyofthemixedlayerdepthofBCC-GODAS2.0isgenerallyinagreementwiththatofWorldOceanAtlas2001.ThemodeledsealevelvariationsinthetropicalPacificareconsistentwithobservationsfromsatellitealtimetryoninterannualtodecadaltimescales.PerformancesinpredictingvariationsintheSSTusingBCC_GODAS2.0areevaluated.ThestandarddeviationoftheSSTinBCC-GODAS2.0agreeswellwithobservationsinthetropicalPacific.BCC-GODAS2.0isabletocapturethemainfeaturesofE1NinoModokiIandModokiⅡ,whichhavedifferentimpactsonrainfallinsouthernChina.Inaddition,therelationshipsbetweentheIndianOceanandthetwotypesofE1NinoModokiarealsoreproduced.