简介：Severeacuterespiratorysyndrome(SARS)isaseriousandfatalinfectiousdiseasecausedbySARScoronavirus(SARS-Cov),anovelhumancoronavirus.SARS-Covinfectionstimulatescytokines(e.g.,IL-10,IFN-γ,IL-1,etc.)expressiondramatically,andTlymphocytesandtheirsubsetsCD4+andCD8+Tcellsaredecreasedafteronsetofthedisease.SARS-specificIgGantibodyisgeneratedinthesecondweekandpersistsforalongtime,whereasIgMisexpressedtransiently.ThespikeproteinandneucleocapsidproteinaremostabundantinSARS-Covandcontributedominantlytotheantibodyproductionduringthecourseofdisease.Spikeprotein,especiallytheACE-2bindingregion(318-510aa)iscapableofproducingneutralizingantibodytoSARS-Cov.NeucleocapsidproteininducesprotectivespecificCTLtoSARS-Cov.Therefore,applicationswithspikesubunit,neucleocapsidsubunitaswellasinactivatedSARS-CovarethreeprospectivevaccinationstrategiesforSARS.

简介：最近的研究揭开了激活主人的二个发信号小径对病毒的感染的天生的免疫。小径之一利用像使用费的受体(TLR)的成员检测通过endocytosis进入内涵体的病毒的家庭。TLR小径通过最终导致抄写因素NF-kappaB，IRF3和IRF7的激活的几发信号的蛋白质导致干扰素生产。另外的抗病毒的小径为细胞内部的病毒的双strandedRNA把RNAhelicaseRIG-I用作受体。RIG-I通过最近识别的适配器蛋白质MAVS激活NF-kappaB和IRF，包含居住在mitochondrial膜的蛋白质的一个卡片领域。MAVS为抗病毒的天生的免疫是必要的，但是它也用作丙肝病毒(HCV)的一个目标，它采用病毒的朊酶劈开MAVS离开线粒体，从而允许HCV逃离主人免疫系统。

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简介：Anovelalgorithm,theImmuneQuantum-inspiredGeneticAlgorithm(IQGA),isproposedbyintroducingimmuneconceptsandmethodsintoQuantum-inspiredGeneticAlgorithm(QGA).WiththeconditionofpreservingQGA'sadvantages,IQGAutilizesthecharacteristicsandknowledgeinthependingproblemsforrestrainingtherepeatedandineffectiveoperationsduringevolution,soastoimprovethealgorithmefficiency.TheexperimentalresultsoftheknapsackproblemshowthattheperformanceofIQGAissuperiortotheConventionalGeneticAlgorithm(CGA),theImmuneGeneticAlgorithm(IGA)andQGA.

简介：MyrnaBlythspentmorethan20yearsasatopmagazineeditor.Sosheknowsathingortwoabouthowthemediausesstress,fearandtheultimatelyfruitlesspursuitofperfectiontosellstories.Sheofferssometipsabouthownottogetspunbywhatyouseeorread.

简介：Thispaperfocusesoninvestigatingimmunologicalprinciplesindesigningamulti-agentsecurityarchitectureforintrusiondetectionandresponseinmobileadhocnetworks.Inthisapproach,theimmunity-basedagentsmonitorthesituationinthenetwork.Theseagentscantakeappropriateactionsaccordingtotheunderlyingsecuritypolicies.Specifically,theiractivitiesarecoordinatedinahierarchicalfashionwhilesensing,communicating,decisionandgeneratingresponses.Suchanagentcanlearnandadapttoitsenvironmentdynamicallyandcandetectbothknownandunknownintrusions.Theproposedintrusiondetectionarchitectureisdesignedtobeflexible,extendible,andadaptablethatcanperformreal-timemonitoring.Thispaperprovidestheconceptualviewandageneralframeworkoftheproposedsystem.Intheend,thearchitectureisillustratedbyanexampletoshowitcanpreventtheattackefficiently.

简介：T盒子抄写因素T赌注(Tbx21)作为类型1-like免疫的一个关键管理者出现了，起在在T和B淋巴细胞，以及树枝状的房间和自然漂亮房间的受动器房间命运的建立或维护的关键作用。几自体免疫的疾病，特别古典主义地与T助手1有关考虑的那些(Th1)免疫，看起来要求T赌注，至少是在老鼠模型判定了。这评论在autoimmunity在免疫，以及它的重要性总结T-bet的角色的当前的理解，与为治疗学的干预的含意。

简介：Thenuclearreceptorsuperfamilyandthetranscriptionalfactorsassociatedwithcytokinesareinherentlydifferentfamiliesofsignalingmoleculesandactivategenetranscriptionbybindingtotheirrespectiveresponsiveelement.However,ithasbecomeincreasinglyclearfromourworksandothersthatnuclearreceptorsareimportantregulatorsofcytokineproductionandfunctionthroughcomplexandvariedinteractionsbetweenthesedistincttranscriptionalfactors.Thisreviewprovidesageneraloverviewofthemechanismofactionofnuclearreceptorsandtheirtranscriptionalcrosstalkwithtranscriptionalfactorsassociatedwithcytokinetransductionpathways.Oneofthemostimportantmechanisticaspectsisproteintoproteininteractionthroughadirectorco-regulator-mediatedindirectmanner.Suchcrosstalkiscruciallyinvolvedinphysiologicalandtherapeuticrolesofnuclearreceptorsandtheirligandsinimmunity,inflammationandcytokine-relatedtumors.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.2004;1(6):416-424.

简介：ToinvestigatethechangesofimmunefunctionsandtheeffectsofAstragaiuspolysaccharide(ASP)onthecell-mediatedimmunityofthetraumaticstressmodelofmousebyamputation,50micewererandomlydividedinto5groupsforstudy,inwhichthegroupAandBservedasthenormalcontrol(byinjectonof0.5mlofsalineintra-peritoneallydaily),andasthestresscontrol(byintra-peritonealinjectonof0.5mlofnormalsalineintomiceafteramputation)respectively,tothegroupC,DandEofmice,1000mg/kg(highdose),300mg/kg(mediandose)and250mg/kg(lowdose).TheCD4^+andCD8^+Tcellsaswellastheexpressionofthec-fosproteinweredeterminedbyimmunohistochemicaltechniques,andtheexpressionsofNF-κBmRNAandIL-10mRNAwereassayedbyhybridizationinsitu.Theexperimentalresultsshowedthatincomparisonwiththenormalcontrolgroupofmice(groupA),theexpressionlevelsofNF-κBmRNA,IL-10mRNAandthec-fosproteininthetissuesofthymusandspleeninthestresscontrolsweresignificantlyelevatedandtheCD4^+TcellsandCD4/CD8ratioweredecreased.However,incomparisonwiththestresscontrolofmice(groupB),theexpressionsofNF-κBmRNAandIL-10mRNAwereinhibitedbyASP,andtheCD4^+TcellsandCD4/CD8ratiowereincreasedingroupsC,DandE,butthelevelofc-fosproteinwasdecreased.TherewasnosignificantdifferenceintheseparametersamonggroupC,DandE.Itiscon-cludedthatthefunctionsofcell-mediatedimmunityofmiceweredisturbedunderthestressconditionofthetraumaticinjuriesafteramputation.AndtheimmunefunctionscanbeeffectivelyrestoredbytheuseofAstraga/uspolysaccharide.

简介：Specificcellularimmunetolerancemaybeessentialforsuccessfulxenotransplantationinhumans.Thymectomized(ATX),TandNKcell-depletedimmunocompetentmicegraftedwithxenogeneicfetalpigthymicandlivertissue(FPTHY/LIV)resultinefficientmousethymopoiesisandperipheralrepopulationoffunctionalmouseCD4+Tcell.Veryimportantly,thereconstitutedmouseTcellsarespecificallytoleranttopigdonorantigens.StudiesdemonstratedthatporcineMHCsmediatedpositiveandnegativeselectionofmousethymocytesinFPTHYgrafts,whereasmouseMHCswereinvolvedinnegativeselectioningrafts.Therefore,Tcelltolerancetoxenogeneicdonorantigenscouldbeinducedbygraftingdonorthymustissue.XenogeneicthymicreplacementmighthaveapotentialroleinthereconstitutionofcellularimmunityinpatientswithAIDSorotherimmunodeficienciescausedbythymusdysfunction.

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简介：AbstractToinvestigatetheroleofCD4^+helperT(Th)cellsinthememoryCTL-mediatedanti-tumorimmunity,theRAG-1geneknockoutmicewereadoptivelytransferredwithOT-1cellstogeneratethememoryCTL,theC57B1/6miceimmunizedwiththeepitopepeptideofOVAspecificThcellsandwithdifferentadjuvantswereadopfivelytransferredwiththesememory-CTLs,andthentheanimalswerechallengedwithtumorcellsEGT.ItwasfoundthatalthoughthesimpleimmunizationofmicewiththeepitopepeptideoftheOVAspecificThcellscouldgeneratemoreeffectCTL,butthiseffectwasnotsostrongenoughtoresistcompletelythechallengeswithtumorcells.Nevertheless,thememoryCTL-mediatedanti-tumorimmuneeffectrequiredthehelpsofTh1andTh2cells.Thecross-regulationbetweenThlandTh2cellsseemedtobebeneficialforthehosttogeneratemoreeffectorCTLformountinganefficientanti-tumorresponse.ItconcludedthattheinteractionbetweenThlandTh2cellsmightbemoreimportantthanthesinglesubsetofThcellsinthememoryCTL-mediatedanti-tumorimmuneresponse.Moreattentionshouldbepaidinthisregardforthefuturestudies.

简介：Objective:TostudythesynergiceffectsofIL-12andB7-1transfectantonantitumorimmunityinvivo.Methods:TheretrovirusvectorencodingmIL-12andmB7-1genewastranfectedintoEL-4thymiclymphomacellsrespectively.Thecellswereusedastumorvaccineandthetherapeuticeffectwasobserved.Results:IncontrasttothemiceimmunizedwithEL-4/WtorEL-4/Neogroups,thetumorigenicityofEL-4/IL-12transfectantwasdecreased(P<0.001).TheEL-4/IL-12andEL-4/B7-1cellsirradiatedwith60CoshowedsignificantsystematicprotectiveeffectsagainsttherechallengeofEL-4/Wt.60CoirradiatedEL-4/IL-12cellsdelayedtheoccurrenceoftumorandprolongedthesurvivalperiodoftumorbearingmice.CombinationofthevaccinesofEL-4/IL-12andEL-4/B7-1resultedintheenhancedtherapeuticeffectcomparedwitheachsingletransfectantgroup(P<0.001).Conclusion:TheresultsshowedthatIL-12transducedcellscouldenhancetheantitumorimmunityofhostascancervaccine.CombinationoftheEL-4/IL-12andEL-4/B7-1transfectantcouldimproveimmunityofhostandisaprospectcancervaccine.

简介：Twenty-oneyearsaftermalariaantigenswerefirstclonedavaccinestillappearstobealongwayoff.Therehavebeenperiodsofgreatexcitementandinmodelsystemssubunitvaccinehomologuescaninducerobustprotection.However,significantchallengesexistconcerningantigenicvariationandpolymorphism,immunologicalnon-respons-ivenesstoindividualvaccineantigens,parasite-inducedapoptosisofimmuneeffectorandmemorycellsandimmunedeviationasaresultofmaternalimmtmityandalterationsofdendriticcellfunction.