简介：Aneffectivedamagetestmethodbasedonamarker-basedwatershedalgorithmwithgraycontrol(MWGC)isproposedtostudythepropertiesofdamageinducedbynear-fieldlaserirradiationforlarge-aperturelaserfacilities.Damagetestswereperformedonfusedsilicasamplesandinformationonthesizeofdamagesiteswasobtainedbythisnewalgorithm,whichcaneffectivelysuppresstheissueofover-segmentationofimagesresultingfromnon-uniformilluminationindarkfieldimaging.Experimentalanalysisandresultsshowthatthelateraldamagegrowthontheexitsurfaceisexponential,andthenumberofdamagesitesdecreasessharplywithdamagesitesizeinthedamagesitedistributionstatistics.TheaveragedamagegrowthcoefficientsfittedaccordingtotheexperimentalresultsforCorning-7980andHeraeus-Suprasil312samplesat351nmare1.10±0.31and0.60±0.09,respectively.

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简介：Experimentshaveshownthattheionenergyobtainedbylaser–ionaccelerationcanbeoptimizedbychoosingeithertheappropriatepulsedurationortheappropriatetargetthickness.WedemonstratethatthisbehaviorcanbedescribedeitherbythetargetnormalsheathaccelerationmodelofSchreiberetal.orbytheradiationpressureaccelerationmodelofBulanovandcoworkers.Thestartingpointofourconsiderationsisthattheessentialpropertyofalasersystemforionaccelerationisitspulseenergyandnotitsintensity.Maybesurprisinglyweshowthathigherionenergiescanbereachedwithreducedintensities.

简介：Selectivelasermelting(SLM)isoneofthemostpopularadditivemanufacturing(AM)technologiesformetalparts.Slicingresult,especiallyforthedifferentdimensionalslicinggeometryanditstopology,playsanimportantrolebecauseofthethermodynamicbehaviorofmetalpowders.Togetcorrectgeometryandreliabletopology,aslicingstrategyforSLMisproposed.Theunavoidablenumericalerrorcausedbysamplingandgeometrictransformationissuppressedfirstly,accordingtoshiftingthez-coordinateofavertexwithasmallvaluesuchtheshiftedvertexisonaslicingplane.Theresultofvertex-shiftingmakesitpossibletoidentifydifferentgeometricfeaturessuchasskinsurfaces,overhangsurfaces,extremeedgesandvolumetricsolid.Second,fromgeometricprimitivesahierarchyofaxis-alignedboundingboxes(AABBs)isconstructedandusedtospeedupintersectionofslicingplanesagainstsetsoftriangles.Allintersectingsegmentsaregivendifferentsignstodepicttheirgeometricortopologicalinformation.Basedthedifferentsigns,thedifferentdimensionalgeometrythatiseventuallyrepresentedbysimpleandanticlockwiseorientedpolygons,areidentified.Finally,thepolygonsareclassifiedandnestedinamulti-treedatastructuresettoproducecorrecttopologicalrelations.Theresultofdigitalandphysicalexperimentsshowstheproposedslicingstrategyisfeasibleandrobust.

简介：LargeapertureNd:phosphatelaserglassisakeyopticalelementforaninertialconfinementfusion(ICF)facility.N31,onetypeofneodymiumdopedphosphateglasses,wasdevelopedforhighpeakpowerlaserfacilityapplicationsinChina.ThecompositionandmainpropertiesofN31glassaregiven,togetherwiththoseofLHG-8,LG-770,andKGSS-0180Nd:phosphatelaserglasses,fromHoyaandSchott,andfromRussia.Thetechnologiesofpotmelting,continuousmelting,andedgecladdingoflargesizeN31phosphatelaserglassarebrieflydescribed.ThesmallsignalgainprofilesofN31glassslabsfrombothpotmeltingandcontinuousmeltingatvariousvaluesofthepumpingenergyofthexenonlamparepresented.N31glassischaracterizedbyastimulatedemissioncrosssectionof3.8×10-20cm2at1053nm,anabsorptioncoefficientof0.10–0.15%cm-1atlaserwavelength,smallresidualstressaroundtheinterfacebetweenthecladdingglassandthelaserglass,opticalhomogeneityof～2×10-6ina400mmaperture,andlaserdamagethresholdlargerthan42J/cm2fora3nspulsewidthat1064nmwavelength.

简介：Anionbeamhastheuniquefeatureofbeingabletodeposititsmainenergyinsideahumanbodytokillcancercellsorinsidematerial.However,conventionalionacceleratorstendtobehugeinsizeandcost.Inthispaper,afutureintenselaserionacceleratorisdiscussedtomakethelaser-basedionacceleratorcompactandcontrollable.Theissuesinthelaserionacceleratorincludetheenergyefficiencyfromthelasertotheions,theionbeamcollimation,theionenergyspectrumcontrol,theionbeambunching,andtheionparticleenergycontrol.Inthestudy,eachcomponentisdesignedtocontroltheionbeamqualitybyparticlesimulations.Theenergyefficiencyfromthelasertoionsisimprovedbyusingasolidtargetwithafinesub-wavelengthstructureoranear-critical-densitygasplasma.Theionbeamcollimationisperformedbyholesbehindthesolidtargetoramulti-layeredsolidtarget.Thecontroloftheionenergyspectrumandtheionparticleenergy,andtheionbeambunchingaresuccessfullyrealizedbyamulti-stagelaser–targetinteraction.

简介：ThephysicalmeaningandessenceofFresnelnumbersarediscussed,andtwodefinitionsofthesenumbersforoffaxisopticalsystemsareproposed.TheuniversalFresnelnumberisfoundtobeN=(a2/λz)*C1+C2.TheRayleigh–Sommerfeldnonparaxialdiffractionformulastatesthatasimpleanalyticalformulaforthenonparaxialintensitydistributionafteracircularaperturecanbeobtained.TheoreticalderivationsandnumericalcalculationsrevealthatthefirstcorrectionfactorC1isequaltocosθandthesecondfactorC2isafunctionoftheincidentwavefrontandtheshapeofthediffractiveaperture.Finally,somediffractionphenomenainoff-axisopticalsystemsareexplainedbytheoff-axisFresnelnumber.

简介：Itisdemonstratedbysimulationsandanalysisthatawakefielddrivenbyanultrashortintenselaserpulseinunderdenseplasmacanemittunableelectromagneticradiationalongthelaserpropagationdirection.Theprofileofsuchakindofradiationiscloselyassociatedwiththestructureofthelaserwakefield.Ingeneral,electromagneticradiationintheterahertzrangewithitsfrequencyafewtimestheelectronplasmafrequencycanbegeneratedinthemoderateintensityregime.Inthehighlynonlinearcase,achainofradiationpulsesisformedcorrespondingtothenonlinearstructureofthewake.Studyshowsthattheradiationisassociatedwiththeself-modulationprocessofthelaserpulseinthewakefieldandresultingtransverseelectronmomentafrommodulatedasymmetriclaserfields.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatetheeffectsofanewopeningpatterninneodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet(Nd:YAG)laserposteriorcapsulotomyonvisualfunction.METHODS:Thistechniquewasconductedalongacircularpattern.Theenergyrangedbetween0.8and1.2mJ/pulsewasconsumedandmeantotalenergylevelswere74±21mJ(mean±standarddeviation:SD,from40to167)andlasershotsaimedat150μmawaybehindadatumpointandwentalonganimaginarylinewhichextends0.5mminsidefromopticmarginandintothecircularenblocpattern.Vitreousstandswereattachedwithfragmentandthentheywerecutoffbythelaseraftercircularapplication.Thecircularfragmentwascompletelyseparatedfromvitreous,andthenthisfragmentwasquicklysunkinintravitrealspace.RESULTS:Thefollow-upperiodrangesfromatleastaweekto40mo,making15.8moonaverage.Theproceduraloutcomeshowed96%(74eyesoutofthe77eyes)enhancementinpatients’visualacuity.Cystoidmacularedemaorretinaldetachmentwasnotobservedinanyofthepatientsduringfollow-upperiods.CONCLUSION:Thisnewtechniqueisexpectedtoimprovetheweaknessesthattheconventionalprocedureshavebyaddingtheprocesstocutoffvitreousstandsattachedwiththefragmentbythelasertothecircularapplication.

简介：Basedonthesphericalcavityexpansiontheoryintheelastichalfspace,thegroundsurfacemovementcharacteristicsofshallowlyburiedexplosionsareanalyzed.TheresultsshowthattheinducedseismicwaveisalongitudinalwaveinthenearzoneandaRayleighwaveinthefarzone.Themaximumdisplacement(velocity)ofthelongitudinalwaveandtheRayleighwaveareinverselyproportionaltothescaleddistance,andcanbedescribedbyexponentialfunctionwithexponentsequalto1.4and0.5,respectively.Thevibrationfrequenciesofthewaveshavealmostnochange.Thevibrationfrequencyofthelongitudinalwaveapproximatesthenaturalvibrationfrequencyofthecavityinthebrokenarea,andthevibrationfrequencyoftheRayleighwaveisabouthalfthatofthelongitudinalwave.Onthesamereducedburieddepthandreduceddistance,theparticledisplacementisdirectlyproportionaltotheproductoftheboundaryloadingandcavityradius,andisinverselyproportionaltothetransversalwavevelocity.Meanwhile,theparticlevelocityisdirectlyproportionaltotheboundaryloadingandinverselyproportionaltothewavevelocityratio.Inthefarzone,theburieddepthoftheexplosiveonlyhasaslighteffectonthelongitudinalwave,buthasalargereffectontheRayleighwave.

简介：Thispaperpresentsanewmethodtocontrolthepositionofamicro-columnsnowtarget.Thistargetenablesthemeasurementofthemeanelectrondensityofthepre-plasmacreatedbyapre-pulsewithdifferenttimedelays.Thisresearchwillallowabetterunderstandingofthegenerationoffastprotonsfromtheinteractionbetweenastructuredpre-plasmaandahighintensitylaser.

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简介：与他们在文化经历无限的自强并且在身体区分进所有房间类型的能力，人的胚胎的干细胞(hESCs)为治疗保持大潜力当前不治之症。为针的绳索损害和有斑点的退化的二基于hESC的房间治疗被推进了进人的临床的试用。尽管有这快速的进步，基于hESC的房间治疗的一关键挑战是由接受者的导出hESC的房间的allogeneic免疫者拒绝。这个问题能被病人特定的体的房间的原子reprogramming被最近的突破与定义因素在导致的pluripotent干细胞(iPSCs)的技术减轻它能为房间治疗成为自体同源的房间的可更新的来源。然而，揭示反常epigenetics，genomic稳定性和iPSCs的immunogenicity的最近的研究在基于iPSC的治疗上提起了安全担心。与iPSC衍生物的immunogenicity有关的最近的调查结果将在这评论被总结。

简介：这篇论文在小粒的材料的行为上论述micromechanical研究在下面限制砍使用一个三维的分离元素方法(DEM)。我们在DEM代码在球形的粒子之中把旋转抵抗看作说明粒子形状的效果的一个近似方法。在undrained下面砍，它被发现抵抗旋转可以帮助增加一个小粒的系统的shear力量并且提高它的抵抗到液化。在有不同起始的条件的小粒的系统的内部结构和anisotropy的进化描绘区分二张接触子网的一个清楚的bimodal字符。面对旋转抵抗，好关联在一种分析stress-force-fabric关系和DEM结果，正常力量anisotropy在起一个主导的作用之间被发现。在与小粒的anisotropy的关系的批评状态和液化状态的唯一的性质也被探索并且讨论。

简介：Thereisgrowingevidencesuggeststhatnoise-inducedcochleardamagemayleadtohyperexcitabilityinthecentralauditorysystem(CAS)whichmaygiverisetotinnitus.However,thecorrelationbetweentheonsetoftheneurophysiologicalchangesintheCASandtheonsetoftinnitushasnotbeenwellstudied.Toinvestigatethisrelationship,chronicelectrodeswereimplantedintotheauditorycortex(AC)andsoundevokedactivitiesweremeasuredfromawakeratsbeforeandafternoiseexposure.Theauditorybrainstemresponse(ABR)wasusedtoassessthedegreeofnoise-inducedhearingloss.Tinnituswasevaluatedbymeasuringgap-inducedprepulseinhibition(gap-PPI).Ratswereexposedmonaurallytoahigh-intensitynarrowbandnoisecenteredat12kHzatalevelof120dBSPLfor1h.Afterthenoiseexposure,alltheratsdevelopedeitherpermanent(>2weeks)ortemporary(<3days)hearinglossintheexposedear(s).TheACamplitudesincreasedsignificantly4hafterthenoiseexposure.Mostoftheexposedratsalsoshoweddecreasedgap-PPI.Thepost-exposureACenhancementshowedapositivecorrelationwiththeamountofhearingloss.Theonsetoftinnitus-likebehaviorwashappenedaftertheonsetofACenhancement.

简介：由红外线的激光，表面reducibility和Cu-Cr的吸附力照耀建筑群能被改进，由于相片破碎和激光texturing的相互作用。由有约束力的精力系列和钻系列分析了，铬离子的原子价状态和铜离子分别地在放射以后是+3和+1，它仍然有reducibility释放电子。在对比与在红外线附近(NIR)1064nm并且中间红外线(米尔)在15W的一样的平均产量力量的10600nm激光，在Cu-Cr建筑群的减少的金属百分比显然与纳米在深度被区分开来到微米。在化学plating以后，平均涂层厚度和NIR样品的吝啬平方的偏差是11.61m并且0.30为铜层，和2.69m并且0.08为镍层。结果是比米尔样品的那些好一些的。

简介：在在ureteroscopic钬激光lithotripsy以后减轻疼痛观察acupoint按摩的效果。

简介：在这份报纸，对工业地合适的一个灵活高精确的刻度方法被建议。并列转变的复杂性被选择照相机坐标系统为统一参考书坐标系统简化。一个灵活平面刻度模式被介绍给刻度过程，它能任意地被放并且从哪个已知的特征点能被提取构造另外的未知特征点。与已知的内在的参数，激光投影机飞机方程被multi-noncollinear点适合，它通过三角测量和生气比率的射影的不变性的原则被获得。与这个方法，严格的排列和并列转变的多重时间能被避免。试验性的结果证明根的算术平均数意味着距离的平方(RMS)错误是0.0007公里。